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Related Concept Videos

Larynx01:21

Larynx

The human larynx, often referred to as the voice box, is an intricate organ located in the neck. It serves as a pathway for air to enter the lungs during respiration and is an essential component of voice production.
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The larynx consists of various components, including cartilage, muscles, and vocal cords. Its structure includes three large unpaired cartilages—the thyroid, cricoid, and epiglottis—and three smaller paired cartilages—the arytenoids, corniculates, and...
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Respiratory System Abnormal Finding II: Palpation and Auscultation

In assessing respiratory abnormalities, palpation and auscultation are critical tools for detecting and interpreting various pathophysiological changes. These techniques provide insight into underlying disorders by evaluating tactile sensations and sounds produced by the respiratory system.
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Alterations in Muscle Tone ll

Alterations in muscle tone are common manifestations of neurological disorders and reflect dysfunction within different nervous system regions. Spasticity, paratonia, and dystonia represent distinct forms of hypertonia, each with unique mechanisms, clinical features, and diagnostic importance.CharacteristicsSpasticity happens from upper motor neuron lesions and is characterized by velocity-dependent resistance to passive movement. Clinical features include:Exaggerated deep tendon reflexesClonus...
Esophageal Achalasia01:27

Esophageal Achalasia

Esophageal achalasia is a chronic neurogenic disorder characterized by impaired relaxation of the lower esophageal sphincter (LES) and absent or ineffective peristalsis in the distal esophagus. This leads to a functional obstruction without a physical blockage, despite significant disruption of esophageal motility.EtiologyAchalasia is caused by degeneration of the myenteric (Auerbach's) plexus, specifically the loss of inhibitory ganglion cells that produce vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)...
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Anatomy of Respiratory System I: Upper Respiratory Tract

The upper respiratory tract plays a vital role in the respiratory system, comprising several structures that facilitate air intake and prepare air for the lungs. It also serves as the first line of defense against pathogens and particles. This tract includes the nose and nasal cavity, the oral cavity, the paranasal sinuses, and the pharynx, each with specific functions and features.
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Structure and Organization of Smooth Muscles

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A Protocol for Comprehensive Assessment of Bulbar Dysfunction in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)
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Abnormal structure-function relationship in spasmodic dysphonia.

Kristina Simonyan1, Christy L Ludlow

  • 1Department of Neurology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA. kristina.simonyan@mssm.edu

Cerebral Cortex (New York, N.Y. : 1991)
|June 14, 2011
PubMed
Summary

Spasmodic dysphonia (SD) involves involuntary laryngeal spasms. This study found increased gray matter volume and cortical thickness in speech control areas, linked to symptom severity, suggesting coupled structural and functional brain changes.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Speech and Hearing Sciences
  • Neurology

Background:

  • Spasmodic dysphonia (SD) is a focal dystonia affecting laryngeal muscles during speech.
  • Previous research indicates abnormal brain function and white matter organization in SD.
  • The extent of gray matter changes, structure-function links, and symptom correlations in SD are not well understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate gray matter volume (GMV) and cortical thickness (CT) alterations in SD patients.
  • To explore the relationships between structural changes, functional brain activity, and SD symptoms.
  • To identify specific brain regions involved in the pathophysiology of SD.

Main Methods:

  • Compared GMV and CT in 40 SD patients and 40 controls using voxel-based morphometry and cortical distance estimates.
  • Examined relationships between structural measures and blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) signal change during speech tasks in 15 SD patients.
  • Utilized neuroimaging techniques to analyze brain structure and function.

Main Results:

  • SD patients exhibited increased GMV, CT, and brain activation in speech control regions like the laryngeal sensorimotor cortex, inferior frontal gyrus (IFG), temporal/supramarginal gyri, and cerebellum.
  • GMV, CT, and activation in the IFG and cerebellum positively correlated with SD severity.
  • Decreased CT in the left anterior insula correlated with SD symptom severity, while IFG CT correlated with disease duration.

Conclusions:

  • Findings demonstrate coupled structural and functional abnormalities in the speech production system in SD.
  • Gray matter alterations in the IFG and cerebellum are associated with SD severity and duration.
  • The study highlights the role of the insula in SD pathophysiology and symptom expression.