Extracellular matrix

A succinct overview of recent results on the biochemistry of extracellular matrix (ECM) is presented. The rapid expansion of this discipline over the best decades renders impossible to give an even approximately complete coverage of matrix biology. Some selected results concerning the four major families of macromolecules composing the ECM, that is, collagens (14 types described), elastin(s), proteoglycans and structural glycoproteins (especially fibronectin) are described. Special attention is directed to a crucial aspect of matrix biology: cell-matrix interactions. A number of cell membrane receptors were recently described mediating the two way information flow from the cells to the matrix via the 'programme' of ECM synthesis coded in the genome and unfolding during differentiation and from the ECM to the cells through the membrane receptors which contact the cytoskeleton. One of them at least, the elastin receptor was shown to be linked through a G-protein-phospholipase C-IP3 mediated relay to the regulation of intracellular calcium. Modifications of the ECM will therefore influence cell behaviour. Derangements of this informational feed back mechanisms appear to be involved in most age-related connective tissue diseases.