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Related Concept Videos

Diabetes: Management and Pharmacotherapy01:15

Diabetes: Management and Pharmacotherapy

The therapy for diabetes aims to alleviate hyperglycemia-related symptoms, prevent acute metabolic decompensation, and reduce chronic end-organ complications. Glycemic control is evaluated through short-term (self-monitoring, continuous glucose monitoring) and long-term (A1c, fructosamine) metrics, enabling near real-time tracking of blood glucose levels and reflecting glycemic control over specific time frames.
Insulin remains the cornerstone of treatment for most patients with type 1 and many...
Insulin: Dosing Regimen and Adverse Effects01:16

Insulin: Dosing Regimen and Adverse Effects

Insulin-replacement therapy usually includes both long-acting insulin (basal) and short-acting insulin (to cater to postprandial needs). In a diverse group of type 1 diabetes patients, the average daily insulin dose is typically 0.5-0.7 units/kg body weight. However, obese patients and pubertal adolescents may need more due to insulin resistance.
The basal dose constitutes about 40%-50% of the total daily dose, with the rest as premeal insulin. The mealtime insulin dose should mirror...
Diabetes Mellitus: Type 2 and Gestational01:22

Diabetes Mellitus: Type 2 and Gestational

Type 2 diabetes, characterized by insulin resistance, arises when the insulin receptors on cells lose responsiveness to insulin, diminishing the cell's capacity to take up glucose, resulting in elevated blood glucose levels. To receive a diagnosis of Type 2 diabetes, a series of blood glucose tests are necessary to assess whether the blood glucose falls within normal parameters. If the result is out of the normal range, a patient may be diagnosed as prediabetic or diabetic, depending on the...
Type II Diabetes I: Introduction01:26

Type II Diabetes I: Introduction

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by insulin resistance, in which target tissues such as the liver, muscle, and adipose tissue respond poorly to insulin. It is also associated with inadequate compensatory insulin secretion, where pancreatic β-cells fail to produce sufficient insulin. Together, these abnormalities lead to persistent hyperglycemia.EtiologyT2DM develops through a complex interaction of genetic predisposition and environmental or...
Type II Diabetes II: Pathophysiology01:24

Type II Diabetes II: Pathophysiology

PathophysiologyType 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM ) is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by insulin resistance and progressive pancreatic β-cell dysfunction, leading to impaired glucose homeostasis. It results from interactions among genetic predisposition, environmental factors, and metabolic stressors, such as overnutrition and a sedentary lifestyle.Insulin Resistance and Glucose DysregulationEarly T2DM involves insulin resistance in skeletal muscle, adipose tissue, and the liver.
Carbohydrate Metabolism01:36

Carbohydrate Metabolism

Carbohydrates are polymers composed of molecules containing atoms of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. One gram of carbohydrate can provide four kilo-calories of energy, which makes it the most efficient instant energy source.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 1, 2026

Improving IV Insulin Administration in a Community Hospital
12:08

Improving IV Insulin Administration in a Community Hospital

Published on: June 11, 2012

Basal plus basal-bolus approach in type 2 diabetes.

F Javier Ampudia-Blasco1, Paolo Rossetti, Juan F Ascaso

  • 1Diabetes Reference Unit, Endocrinology and Nutrition Department, Clinic University Hospital of Valencia, Valencia, Spain. Francisco.J.Ampudia@uv.es

Diabetes Technology & Therapeutics
|June 15, 2011
PubMed
Summary

For type 2 diabetes patients needing insulin, the basal plus strategy offers an alternative to premixed insulin. This approach intensifies basal insulin with prandial injections, progressing to basal-bolus therapy if needed.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 1, 2026

Improving IV Insulin Administration in a Community Hospital
12:08

Improving IV Insulin Administration in a Community Hospital

Published on: June 11, 2012

Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Metabolic Diseases
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Type 2 diabetes involves insulin resistance and beta-cell decline, often necessitating insulin therapy.
  • Oral diabetes medications may eventually be insufficient, requiring insulin initiation.
  • Basal insulin is a common starting point, but some patients need further intensification.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review evidence for the basal plus strategy in type 2 diabetes management.
  • To discuss the progression from basal plus to basal-bolus therapy.
  • To provide practical guidance for initiating and adjusting basal plus therapy.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current evidence on basal plus and basal-bolus insulin strategies.
  • Analysis of treatment intensification pathways for type 2 diabetes.
  • Discussion of practical recommendations for insulin therapy adjustment.

Main Results:

  • Basal insulin addition is a simple starting point for insulin therapy.
  • Basal plus strategy involves adding prandial insulin to basal insulin.
  • Basal-bolus therapy remains the most effective for hyperglycemia reduction in type 2 diabetes.

Conclusions:

  • The basal plus strategy is an alternative to premixed insulin, managing postprandial glucose.
  • Progression to basal-bolus therapy is a viable intensification option.
  • Effective titration and adjustment are key for successful basal plus therapy.