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Related Concept Videos

Bacterial Gastroenteritis01:18

Bacterial Gastroenteritis

Bacterial gastroenteritis, characterized by diarrhea, abdominal cramps, and vomiting, is often caused by ingestion of contaminated food or water and is frequently associated with pathogenic Escherichia coli strains. These microbes exploit two principal mechanisms to inflict disease.Shiga toxin–producing E. coli, also referred to as STEC—notably O157:H7—release Shiga toxins that target ribosomes, blocking protein synthesis. The B subunit of the toxin binds the host glycolipid receptor...
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Cholera

Cholera is an acute gastrointestinal disease caused by the Gram-negative bacterium Vibrio cholerae. It is transmitted primarily via the fecal-oral route through the ingestion of contaminated water or food.Vibrio cholerae is a motile, Gram-negative bacterium of the family Vibrionaceae, primarily associated with waterborne outbreaks in areas with inadequate sanitation. Although over 200 serogroups of V. cholerae exist, only O1 and O139 are responsible for epidemic cholera. The O1 serogroup,...
Giardiasis01:12

Giardiasis

Giardiasis is a globally prevalent intestinal infection caused by the protozoan parasite Giardia duodenalis (also known as G. lamblia or G. intestinalis). This flagellated protozoan is the most frequently identified intestinal parasite in the United States and worldwide. Transmission primarily occurs via the fecal-oral route, with infection arising from ingestion of water or food contaminated with cysts. Individuals in low-resource settings, international travelers, outdoor enthusiasts, daycare...
Receptor-mediated Endocytosis01:20

Receptor-mediated Endocytosis

Receptor-mediated endocytosis is when bulk amounts of specific molecules are imported into a cell after binding to cell surface receptors. The molecules bound to these receptors are taken into the cell through inward folding of the cell surface membrane, which is eventually pinched off into a vesicle within the cell. Structural proteins, such as clathrin, coat the budding vesicle.
Clathrin-Mediated Endocytosis of LDL
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Receptor-mediated Endocytosis01:38

Receptor-mediated Endocytosis

Overview
Phagocytosis00:41

Phagocytosis

Cells pull particles inward and engulf them in spherical vesicles in an energy-requiring process called endocytosis. Phagocytosis ("cellular eating") is one of three major types of endocytosis. Cells use phagocytosis to take in large objects, such as other cells (or their debris), bacteria, and even viruses.
The objective of phagocytosis is often destruction. Cells use phagocytosis to eliminate unwelcome visitors, like pathogens (e.g., viruses and bacteria). Many immune system cells, including...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 1, 2026

Epithelial Cell Infection Analyses with Shigella
04:56

Epithelial Cell Infection Analyses with Shigella

Published on: February 9, 2024

Shigella gets captured to gain entry.

Beth A McCormick1

  • 1Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA. beth.mccormick@umassmed.edu

Cell Host & Microbe
|June 15, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Shigella invasion is triggered by extracellular ATP released via hemichannels. This ATP, along with connexin signaling, facilitates Shigella capture by cell micropodia before direct epithelial contact.

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Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Cell Biology
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Shigella employs a type III secretion system (T3SS) for epithelial invasion and dissemination.
  • Extracellular ATP released through hemichannels stimulates Shigella's invasive mechanisms.

Discussion:

  • Romero et al. (2011) identified a novel mechanism of bacterial capture prior to host cell contact.
  • This capture involves ATP release and connexin-mediated signaling pathways.

Key Insights:

  • Extracellular ATP acts as a crucial signaling molecule in initiating Shigella-host interactions.
  • Nanometer-thin micropodial extensions mediate the initial capture of Shigella.
  • Connexin channels play a role in mediating the signaling cascade during bacterial adhesion.

Outlook:

  • Further investigation into T3SS regulation by extracellular ATP.
  • Exploring therapeutic strategies targeting hemichannel-mediated ATP release to prevent Shigella infection.
  • Understanding the role of micropodia in host-pathogen interactions beyond Shigella.