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The tracheid-vessel element transition in angiosperms involves multiple independent features: cladistic consequences.

Sherwin Carlquist1, Edward L Schneider

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Current definitions of tracheids and vessel elements are too simple, lacking modern microscopy data. Re-evaluating these plant cell types reveals evolutionary changes and intermediate forms, suggesting a more nuanced classification is needed.

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Area of Science:

  • Plant anatomy
  • Evolutionary biology
  • Wood formation

Background:

  • Current definitions of tracheids and vessel elements rely on outdated light microscopy, neglecting advanced SEM and TEM data.
  • Existing classifications are primarily based on eudicots and predate thorough studies of basal angiosperms.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To re-evaluate the definitions of tracheids and vessel elements using comprehensive microscopy data.
  • To identify and characterize evolutionary changes in these water-conducting cells across vascular plants.
  • To propose refined criteria for classifying intermediate forms and evolutionary transitions.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of data from light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM).
  • Comparative study across diverse angiosperm groups, including basal angiosperms.
  • Examination of six key characters involved in the evolution of tracheids and vessel elements.

Main Results:

  • Identified limitations in current, overly simplistic definitions of tracheids and vessel elements.
  • Recognized evolutionary changes in six characters during the transition between tracheids and vessel elements in various vascular plants.
  • Observed numerous taxa with incipient vessels, not meeting all criteria for fully developed vessels.
  • Highlighted increased conductive area and pit area on end walls as key indicators of intermediacy.

Conclusions:

  • Vessel presence/absence should not be a simple binary character in cladistic analyses.
  • Refined criteria are needed to accurately classify intermediate forms between tracheids and vessel elements.
  • A more nuanced understanding of water-conducting cell evolution is necessary, incorporating advanced microscopy and broader taxonomic sampling.