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Related Concept Videos

mTOR Signaling and Cancer Progression03:03

mTOR Signaling and Cancer Progression

The mammalian target of rapamycin or mTOR protein was discovered in 1994 due to its direct interaction with rapamycin. The protein gets its name from a yeast homolog called TOR. The mTOR protein complex in mammalian cells plays a major role in balancing anabolic processes such as the synthesis of proteins, lipids, and nucleotides and catabolic processes, such as autophagy in response to environmental cues, such as availability of nutrients and growth factors.
The mTOR pathway or the...
mTOR Signaling and Cancer Progression03:03

mTOR Signaling and Cancer Progression

The mammalian target of rapamycin or mTOR protein was discovered in 1994 due to its direct interaction with rapamycin. The protein gets its name from a yeast homolog called TOR. The mTOR protein complex in mammalian cells plays a major role in balancing anabolic processes such as the synthesis of proteins, lipids, and nucleotides and catabolic processes, such as autophagy in response to environmental cues, such as availability of nutrients and growth factors.
The mTOR pathway or the...
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PI3K/mTOR/AKT Signaling Pathway

The mammalian target of rapamycin  (mTOR) is a serine/threonine kinase that regulates growth, proliferation, and cell survival in response to hormones, growth factors, or nutrient availability. This kinase exists in two structurally and functionally distinct forms: mTOR complex 1  (mTORC1) and mTOR complex 2  (mTORC2). The first form (mTORC1) is composed of a rapamycin-sensitive Raptor and proline-rich Akt substrate, PRAS40. In contrast,  mTORC2 consists of a rapamycin-insensitive companion...
Calmodulin-dependent Signaling01:16

Calmodulin-dependent Signaling

Calmodulin (CaM) is a calcium-binding protein in eukaryotes that controls various calcium-regulated cellular processes. It has four calcium-binding sites that bind calcium to form the calcium-calmodulin ( Ca2+-CaM) complex. GPCR stimulation increases the calcium levels in the cells that bind to CaM and induces a conformational change.
The Ca2+-CaM complex does not have enzymatic activity by itself. Instead, the complex binds downstream target proteins, including membrane proteins or enzymes,...
MAPK Signaling Cascades01:07

MAPK Signaling Cascades

Mitogen-activated protein kinase, or MAPK pathway, activates three sequential kinases to regulate cellular responses such as proliferation, differentiation, survival, and apoptosis. The canonical MAPK pathway starts with a mitogen or growth factor binding to an RTK. The activated RTKs stimulate Ras, which recruits Raf or MAP3 Kinase (MAPKKK), the first kinase of the MAPK signaling cascade. Raf further phosphorylates and activates MEK or MAP2 Kinases (MAPKK), which in turn phosphorylates MAP...
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Multiprotein signaling complexes are formed in a dynamic process involving protein-protein interactions at the cytoplasmic domain of transmembrane receptors or enzymatic and non-enzymatic proteins associated with the receptor. These complexes ensure the activation and propagation of intracellular signals that regulate cell functions.
Interaction domains in cell signaling
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Intracellular Phosphoflow Cytometry of Acute Myeloid Leukemia Patient-Derived Xenotransplants
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mTOR complex 2 signaling and functions.

Won Jun Oh1, Estela Jacinto

  • 1Department of Physiology and Biophysics, UMDNJ-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ, USA.

Cell Cycle (Georgetown, Tex.)
|June 15, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 2 (mTORC2) is crucial for cell growth. Recent research using inhibitors and genetic models reveals new insights into mTORC2 signaling and functions in diseases and aging.

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Area of Science:

  • Cellular Biology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • The mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway regulates cellular growth and metabolism.
  • mTOR forms two complexes: mTORC1 and mTORC2, with mTORC1 being extensively studied due to rapamycin inhibition.
  • Understanding mTORC2 function and signaling has historically lagged behind mTORC1.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent advancements in understanding mammalian mTORC2 signaling.
  • To highlight the cellular and tissue-specific functions of mTORC2.
  • To re-evaluate mTORC2's role in cancer, metabolic disorders, and aging.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing pharmacological inhibitors targeting mTOR kinase activity.
  • Employing genetic knockout mouse models for mTOR complex components.
  • Synthesizing recent findings from various research studies.

Main Results:

  • New insights into mTORC2 function and regulation have emerged.
  • Pharmacological inhibitors and genetic models have aided in dissecting mTORC2 pathways.
  • Prolonged rapamycin use can affect mTORC2, necessitating re-evaluation.

Conclusions:

  • mTORC2 plays a significant, yet less understood, role in cellular processes.
  • Further research into mTORC2 is critical for understanding diseases like cancer and metabolic disorders.
  • mTORC2's involvement in aging warrants continued investigation.