Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Impact of Schemas01:30

Impact of Schemas

Schemas are cognitive structures that provide a framework for interpreting and organizing social information. They help individuals navigate complex environments by offering expectations about people, events, and behaviors. Schemas influence attention, encoding, and retrieval processes, thereby shaping the entire trajectory of information processing in social contexts.Attention and Cognitive LoadDuring initial attention, schemas function as filters that prioritize schema-consistent information,...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

The N400 effect captures nuances in implicit political preferences.

Scientific reports·2024
Same author

Is auditory processing measured by the N100 an endophenotype for psychosis? A family study and a meta-analysis.

Psychological medicine·2023
Same author

Anticipating social incentives recruits alpha-beta oscillations in the human substantia nigra and invigorates behavior across the life span.

NeuroImage·2021
Same author

Theta oscillations underlie retrieval success effects in the nucleus accumbens and anterior thalamus: Evidence from human intracranial recordings.

Neurobiology of learning and memory·2018
Same author

Brain state before a memory probe and associative retrieval in older adults.

Neurobiology of aging·2018
Same author

Neural Habituation to Painful Stimuli Is Modulated by Dopamine: Evidence from a Pharmacological fMRI Study.

Frontiers in human neuroscience·2018

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 1, 2026

Training Synesthetic Letter-color Associations by Reading in Color
10:27

Training Synesthetic Letter-color Associations by Reading in Color

Published on: February 20, 2014

Study-test congruency affects encoding-related brain activity for some but not all stimulus materials.

Eva M Bauch1, Leun J Otten

  • 1University College London, UK.

Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience
|June 16, 2011
PubMed
Summary

Memory encoding and retrieval overlap influences brain activity. Neural correlates of memory depend on whether study and test processes match, particularly for pictures, suggesting overlap is key but not universal.

More Related Videos

Correlating Behavioral Responses to fMRI Signals from Human Prefrontal Cortex: Examining Cognitive Processes Using Task Analysis
10:33

Correlating Behavioral Responses to fMRI Signals from Human Prefrontal Cortex: Examining Cognitive Processes Using Task Analysis

Published on: June 20, 2012

Online Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation of Dorsomedial and Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex in Cognition Decision Making, and Cognitive Dissonance
13:20

Online Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation of Dorsomedial and Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex in Cognition Decision Making, and Cognitive Dissonance

Published on: December 5, 2025

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 1, 2026

Training Synesthetic Letter-color Associations by Reading in Color
10:27

Training Synesthetic Letter-color Associations by Reading in Color

Published on: February 20, 2014

Correlating Behavioral Responses to fMRI Signals from Human Prefrontal Cortex: Examining Cognitive Processes Using Task Analysis
10:33

Correlating Behavioral Responses to fMRI Signals from Human Prefrontal Cortex: Examining Cognitive Processes Using Task Analysis

Published on: June 20, 2012

Online Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation of Dorsomedial and Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex in Cognition Decision Making, and Cognitive Dissonance
13:20

Online Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation of Dorsomedial and Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex in Cognition Decision Making, and Cognitive Dissonance

Published on: December 5, 2025

Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Neuroscience
  • Neuroscience
  • Psychology

Background:

  • Memory performance is enhanced when the cognitive processes used during encoding are reactivated during retrieval.
  • Understanding the neural mechanisms underlying this encoding-retrieval overlap is crucial for memory research.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate how the neural basis of long-term memory encoding is affected by the degree of overlap between study and test processes.
  • To examine if this effect varies between different types of stimuli (words and pictures).

Main Methods:

  • An incidental learning paradigm using electroencephalography (EEG) to record brain activity in healthy adults.
  • Participants made size judgments on words and pictures, followed by a recognition memory test with remember/know judgments.
  • Stimuli were presented in congruent (word-word, picture-picture) or incongruent (word-picture, picture-word) study-test pairs.

Main Results:

  • Anterior scalp activity predicted word memory regardless of test probe type.
  • For pictures, anterior activity predicted memory when probed with pictures, but posterior activity predicted memory when probed with words.
  • Differences in neural activity based on study-test congruency emerged around 100 ms after stimulus onset.

Conclusions:

  • Electrophysiological correlates of memory encoding are sensitive to the similarity of processes engaged during study and test.
  • The findings support a direct role for encoding-retrieval overlap in memory.
  • However, the stimulus-specific effect suggests that encoding-retrieval overlap may not be a universal principle for all memory correlates.