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Related Concept Videos

Epilepsy and Seizures: Overview01:24

Epilepsy and Seizures: Overview

Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disease marked by recurrent, unpredictable seizures. These seizures are caused by abnormal electrical discharges in the brain, leading to behavior, sensation, or consciousness alterations. They can also cause transient impairment of awareness, interfering with daily activities.
Various factors can trigger epilepsy, including genetic factors, brain damage, metabolic causes, and unknown etiology. Diagnosis of epilepsy involves electroencephalography (EEG), which...
Autism Spectrum Disorder01:19

Autism Spectrum Disorder

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental condition marked by persistent deficits in social communication and interaction alongside restrictive and repetitive behaviors or interests. ASD is sometimes accompanied by intellectual impairment.
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Epilepsy ll: Types01:22

Epilepsy ll: Types

Recurrent seizures, stemming from abnormal electrical activity in the brain, are the defining characteristic of epilepsy, a chronic neurological condition. Because seizure features vary greatly, epilepsy is classified using two systems: by seizure type and by epilepsy syndromes. These classifications enable clinicians to describe seizure patterns and select suitable treatment strategies.I. Classification by Seizure Type1. Focal EpilepsyFocal epilepsy begins in one hemisphere of the brain.
Antiepileptic Drugs: Glutamate Antagonists01:14

Antiepileptic Drugs: Glutamate Antagonists

Glutamate is a fundamental neurotransmitter in the central nervous system, playing a vital role in neuronal communication and various cognitive processes. Glutamate stands as the principal excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain. Its presence is crucial for the communication between neurons, underpinning essential processes such as synaptic transmission, neuronal excitability, and plasticity. These functions are vital for higher-order cognitive processes, including learning and memory. The...
Antiepileptic Drugs: Modulators of Neurotransmitter Release Mediated by SV2A Protein01:20

Antiepileptic Drugs: Modulators of Neurotransmitter Release Mediated by SV2A Protein

Antiepileptic drugs, such as levetiracetam (Keppra) and brivaracetam (Briviact), have emerged as crucial tools in managing epilepsy. These medications exert their therapeutic effects by targeting the synaptic vesicle protein SV2A, a transmembrane glycoprotein primarily found in the brain.
SV2A is a transmembrane glycoprotein located predominantly in the brain, modulating the release of neurotransmitters for neuronal communication. Both levetiracetam and brivaracetam exhibit a high affinity for...
Antiepileptic Drugs: GABAergic Pathway Potentiators01:18

Antiepileptic Drugs: GABAergic Pathway Potentiators

γ-aminobutyric acid or GABA, plays a pivotal role as an inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain. GABA pathway potentiators, also known as GABAergic drugs, are a class of pharmaceutical agents designed to enhance the functioning of the GABAergic system. These medications primarily treat epilepsy, a neurological disorder characterized by recurrent seizures.
The key GABA pathway potentiators used in epilepsy management are as follows.
Benzodiazepines are a well-known class of drugs used for their...

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Electromagnetic Source Imaging in Presurgical Evaluation of Children with Drug-Resistant Epilepsy
09:57

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Published on: September 20, 2024

Medically refractory epilepsy in autism.

Gemma Sansa1, Chad Carlson, Werner Doyle

  • 1Departments of Neurology Neurosurgery, NYU Langone School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA.

Epilepsia
|June 16, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Treatment-resistant epilepsy (TRE) is common in idiopathic autism, particularly with early seizure onset. Outcomes for surgical interventions and vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) appear less favorable in this population compared to others.

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Developmental Neuroscience
  • Epileptology

Background:

  • Epilepsy and electroencephalographic abnormalities are frequently observed in individuals with idiopathic autism.
  • Limited data exists on treatment-resistant epilepsy (TRE) within this specific patient group.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To define the clinical and electrophysiologic characteristics of patients with idiopathic autism and TRE.
  • To evaluate treatment outcomes for epilepsy in this population.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective review of clinical and laboratory data.
  • Evaluation of patients with idiopathic autism and at least one epileptic seizure at a specialized epilepsy center over 20 years.

Main Results:

  • 33.9% of patients with idiopathic autism and epilepsy had TRE; 27.5% were seizure-free.
  • TRE was associated with earlier seizure onset, developmental regression, and motor/language delays.
  • Surgical resection and vagus nerve stimulator (VNS) implantation showed limited or no improvement in most cases.

Conclusions:

  • Treatment-resistant epilepsy is prevalent in idiopathic autism, especially with early-onset seizures.
  • Surgical and VNS outcomes in this population are less favorable than in other TRE groups.
  • Reasons for limited surgical candidacy include multifocal or comorbid epilepsy and the impact of autism itself.