Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Brainstem01:19

Brainstem

The brainstem, located inferior to the brain and superior to the spinal cord, serves as a bridge between the cerebrum and the spinal cord. It plays a vital role in relaying information and controlling critical life functions. It comprises three primary regions: the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata.
The Midbrain
The midbrain is located beneath the diencephalon and connects the cerebrum with the lower parts of the brain. The cerebral peduncles are prominent midbrain structures that house the...
Diencephalon: Thalamus and Information Relay01:27

Diencephalon: Thalamus and Information Relay

The thalamus, often called “the gateway to the cerebral cortex,” is vital in processing and directing sensory and motor signals throughout the brain. Almost all inputs destined for the cerebral cortex, except for olfactory signals, are relayed through the thalamus. The thalamus is  a sophisticated relay station, channeling information from various brain regions to the cerebral cortex, as well as a filter, prioritizing certain signals over others based on current physiological states or needs.
Perceiving Loudness, Pitch, and Location01:21

Perceiving Loudness, Pitch, and Location

The human brain perceives pitch through two primary mechanisms reflected in place theory and frequency theory. Each mechanism describes how sound waves are interpreted as specific pitches by the brain, offering insights into the intricate processes of auditory perception.
Place theory, or place coding, suggests that different pitches are heard because various sound waves activate specific locations along the cochlea's basilar membrane. The brain determines the pitch of a sound by identifying...
Brainstem: Control Centers of Medulla01:21

Brainstem: Control Centers of Medulla

The medulla oblongata is a crucial part of the brainstem responsible for controlling various autonomic and involuntary functions. It contains several nuclei, including the olivary, cuneate, gracile, and solitary nuclei.
Olivary Nucleus
The olivary nucleus, or inferior olivary nucleus, is located within the ventrolateral part of the medulla oblongata. It is primarily involved in motor coordination and motor learning. The olivary nucleus receives input from the spinal cord, cerebellum, and motor...
The Cochlea01:13

The Cochlea

The cochlea is a coiled structure in the inner ear that contains hair cells—the sensory receptors of the auditory system. Sound waves are transmitted to the cochlea by small bones attached to the eardrum called the ossicles, which vibrate the oval window that leads to the inner ear. This causes fluid in the chambers of the cochlea to move, vibrating the basilar membrane.
Diencephalon: Hypothalamus and Coordination01:23

Diencephalon: Hypothalamus and Coordination

The hypothalamus is a small yet highly complex and essential brain region that plays a crucial role in regulating various bodily functions. Anatomically, it is located at the base of the brain, just above the brainstem and below the thalamus, forming part of the limbic system.
The hypothalamus interacts with other brain regions, including the pituitary gland, through a direct physical connection called the hypothalamic-pituitary axis. The hypothalamus receives somatic and visceral inputs and...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Immunohistochemical Profile of a Conspicuously Organized Structure in the Dorsal Forebrain of the Peacock Gudgeon, Tateurndina ocellicauda.

The Journal of comparative neurology·2025
Same author

Separating Snap from Tingle: Ultrasound-Guided Diagnosis of a Snapping Brachialis in the Elbow.

Current sports medicine reports·2025
Same author

Diagnosis and management of acute erythroid leukemia (AEL).

Leukemia & lymphoma·2025
Same author

Connectivity of a Conspicuous Layered Structure in the Dorsal Telencephalon of the Peacock Gudgeon, Tateurndina ocellicauda.

The Journal of comparative neurology·2025
Same author

Bing-Neel syndrome: a case series of 46 patients from the United Kingdom.

Blood advances·2025
Same author

Comparative neuroscience: A tale of two fishes.

Current biology : CB·2025
Same journal

Kat5 deficiency in alveolar type II cells licenses STAT6-driven glycolytic reprogramming and pulmonary fibrosis.

Nature communications·2026
Same journal

Continuous nonthermal slab gap formed by progressive tearing beneath Northeast Asia.

Nature communications·2026
Same journal

Zeolitic isolated protonic acid sites-mediated NH<sub>3</sub> storage for robust NO<sub>x</sub> removal.

Nature communications·2026
Same journal

Coaxially nested component with asymmetric fiber resonant cavity and separation membrane for gaseous and dissolved gases detection.

Nature communications·2026
Same journal

Near-unity charge readout signal in a nonlinear resonator without matching the sensor dissipation.

Nature communications·2026
Same journal

Prokaryotic Schlafen proteins cleave tRNAs during type III CRISPR immunity.

Nature communications·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 1, 2026

Slicing the Embryonic Chicken Auditory Brainstem to Evaluate Tonotopic Gradients and Microcircuits
08:24

Slicing the Embryonic Chicken Auditory Brainstem to Evaluate Tonotopic Gradients and Microcircuits

Published on: July 12, 2022

Vocalization frequency and duration are coded in separate hindbrain nuclei.

Boris P Chagnaud1, Robert Baker, Andrew H Bass

  • 1Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA.

Nature Communications
|June 16, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Neural networks control vocalizations by separating sound features. Hindbrain neurons in vocal fish encode call duration and frequency, revealing a fundamental trait of vertebrate vocal pattern generators.

More Related Videos

In Ovo Electroporation in the Chicken Auditory Brainstem
10:14

In Ovo Electroporation in the Chicken Auditory Brainstem

Published on: June 9, 2017

In Vitro Wedge Slice Preparation for Mimicking In Vivo Neuronal Circuit Connectivity
10:31

In Vitro Wedge Slice Preparation for Mimicking In Vivo Neuronal Circuit Connectivity

Published on: August 18, 2020

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 1, 2026

Slicing the Embryonic Chicken Auditory Brainstem to Evaluate Tonotopic Gradients and Microcircuits
08:24

Slicing the Embryonic Chicken Auditory Brainstem to Evaluate Tonotopic Gradients and Microcircuits

Published on: July 12, 2022

In Ovo Electroporation in the Chicken Auditory Brainstem
10:14

In Ovo Electroporation in the Chicken Auditory Brainstem

Published on: June 9, 2017

In Vitro Wedge Slice Preparation for Mimicking In Vivo Neuronal Circuit Connectivity
10:31

In Vitro Wedge Slice Preparation for Mimicking In Vivo Neuronal Circuit Connectivity

Published on: August 18, 2020

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Bioacoustics
  • Animal Communication

Background:

  • Temporal patterning is crucial for neural networks generating precisely timed behaviors like vocalizations.
  • Vocalizations are vital for social communication across vertebrate species.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate how hindbrain neuronal populations encode natural call attributes (frequency and duration) in vocal fish.
  • To elucidate the specific roles of prepacemaker and pacemaker neurons in vocal pattern generation.

Main Methods:

  • Intracellular structure/function analyses of hindbrain neuronal populations.
  • Pharmacological manipulations to assess neuronal activity and function.
  • Electrophysiological recordings to analyze membrane potential oscillations.

Main Results:

  • Call duration is encoded by sustained membrane depolarization in vocal prepacemaker neurons.
  • Call frequency is encoded by rhythmic, ultrafast oscillations in pacemaker neurons.
  • Prepacemaker activity is independent of pacemaker function, explaining call duration variation.

Conclusions:

  • Pre-motor compartmentalization of neurons encoding distinct acoustic attributes is a fundamental trait of hindbrain vocal pattern generators.
  • Prepacemaker neurons act as a call-duration corollary discharge, innervating auditory nuclei.
  • This neuronal organization allows for the precise control of complex vocal behaviors in vertebrates.