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Inflammation

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Atherosclerosis is a progressive disorder characterized by the buildup of plaques on the arterial inner wall, causing them to narrow and harden over time. These plaques comprise lipids, calcium, blood components, carbohydrates, and fibrous tissue. The process primarily affects the intima of large and medium-sized arteries, reducing blood flow in any artery.Etiology and risk factorsThe cause of atherosclerosis is multifactorial, involving a complex interplay among endothelial injury, lipid...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 31, 2026

Quantification of Monocyte Transmigration and Foam Cell Formation from Individuals with Chronic Inflammatory Conditions

Quantification of Monocyte Transmigration and Foam Cell Formation from Individuals with Chronic Inflammatory Conditions

Published on: October 17, 2017

Monocyte and macrophage dynamics during atherogenesis.

Klaus Ley¹, Yury I Miller, Catherine C Hedrick

¹Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA. klaus@liai.org

Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology

|June 17, 2011

Summary

Monocyte influx into blood vessels drives atherosclerosis, a common vascular inflammation. These monocytes become inflammatory macrophages, contributing to lesion development and progression.

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Last Updated: May 31, 2026

Quantification of Monocyte Transmigration and Foam Cell Formation from Individuals with Chronic Inflammatory Conditions

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Published on: October 17, 2017

Quantification of Monocyte Chemotactic Activity In Vivo and Characterization of Blood Monocyte Derived Macrophages

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Published on: August 12, 2019

An In vitro Model to Study Heterogeneity of Human Macrophage Differentiation and Polarization

An In vitro Model to Study Heterogeneity of Human Macrophage Differentiation and Polarization

Published on: June 12, 2013

Area of Science:

Immunology
Cardiovascular Biology
Cell Biology

Background:

Vascular inflammation, particularly atherosclerosis, involves leukocyte dynamics within the vessel wall.
Resident macrophages and dendritic cells exist in the arterial wall, but monocyte recruitment is critical during atherosclerosis.

Purpose of the Study:

To review the role of monocyte influx and differentiation in the initiation and progression of atherosclerosis.
To discuss the phenotypic modulation and fate of monocytic cells within the vascular wall.

Main Methods:

Review of existing literature on monocyte subsets (Ly-6C(+) and Ly-6C(-)) in atherosclerosis.
Analysis of factors influencing monocyte differentiation and macrophage phenotype.
Examination of monocyte-derived macrophage apoptosis, efferocytosis, and secondary necrosis.

Main Results:

Atherosclerosis induces rapid influx of inflammatory monocytes (Ly-6C(+) in mice) and patrolling monocytes (Ly-6C(-) in mice).
Recruited monocytes differentiate into inflammatory macrophages and dendritic cells, influenced by various molecular signals.
Monocyte-derived macrophages undergo apoptosis, with efferocytosis or secondary necrosis impacting atherosclerotic lesion development.

Conclusions:

Monocytic cell dynamics are central to the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis.
Understanding these processes is crucial for developing targeted therapies for vascular inflammation.