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Related Concept Videos

Urinary Tract Calculi VI: Surgical Management01:25

Urinary Tract Calculi VI: Surgical Management

Procedures for Kidney StonesMedical intervention is necessary when kidney stones or renal calculi are too large to pass spontaneously (typically greater than 5 millimeters) when stones are accompanied by symptomatic infection (such as fever or pyelonephritis), when they impair kidney function, or when they cause persistent symptoms like severe pain, nausea, or urinary retention. Additionally, patients with only one kidney or those who cannot be treated with medical management also require...
Imaging Studies V: Intravenous Urography and Retrograde Pyelography01:22

Imaging Studies V: Intravenous Urography and Retrograde Pyelography

IntroductionIntravenous Urography (IVU) and Retrograde Pyelography (RP) are important diagnostic imaging techniques used to evaluate the urinary system. These methods help identify structural abnormalities, obstructions, and functional issues in the kidneys, ureters, and bladder. Both procedures use iodine-based contrast media to enhance the visibility of urinary tract structures on X-ray images, though they differ in their methods and indications.1. Intravenous Urography (IVU)Intravenous...
Urinary Tract Calculi V: Nursing Management01:28

Urinary Tract Calculi V: Nursing Management

AssessmentSubjective Data: Obtain a detailed health history, including any recent or chronic urinary tract infections, periods of immobilization, previous episodes of renal calculi, and medical conditions such as gout, benign prostatic hyperplasia, or hyperparathyroidism. Review the medication history for drugs that may influence stone formation, including allopurinol, analgesics, loop diuretics, or thiazide diuretics. Document the use of long-term indwelling catheters and any past surgical...
Imaging Studies VI: Voiding Cystourethrography and Cystography01:22

Imaging Studies VI: Voiding Cystourethrography and Cystography

Voiding Cystourethrography (VCUG) and Cystography are specialized radiographic procedures used to examine the structure and function of the bladder and urethra.Voiding Cystourethrography (VCUG)A Voiding Cystourethrogram (VCUG) is a diagnostic imaging procedure that assesses the anatomy and function of the lower urinary tract. It focuses on the bladder, bladder neck, and urethra, helping detect abnormalities such as vesicoureteral reflux (VUR)—the backward or reverse flow of urine into the...
Urinary Tract Infection III: Diagnostic Studies and Interprofessional Care01:30

Urinary Tract Infection III: Diagnostic Studies and Interprofessional Care

A healthcare provider can diagnose a urinary tract infection (UTI) through several methods:Medical History and Symptoms: The provider will take a detailed medical history and ask about symptoms such as frequent urination, burning sensation during urination, and lower abdominal pain.Urinalysis: A clean-catch urine sample is collected in a sterile container and tested for the presence of bacteria, white blood cells (leukocytes), nitrites, blood, and protein. The presence of leukocytes and...
Urinary Tract Calculi III: Medical Management01:30

Urinary Tract Calculi III: Medical Management

The diagnosis of renal calculi involves several imaging techniques, including non-contrast CT scans and ultrasound. These methods help visualize kidney stones, assess their size and location, and detect possible obstructions. Additionally, Measuring urine pH is useful for diagnosing specific stone types, such as struvite (alkaline pH) and uric acid stones (acidic pH). Cystine stones are primarily linked to cystinuria, a genetic condition. A urinalysis helps detect blood in the urine (hematuria)...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 31, 2026

An Immature Murine Model of Reversible Unilateral Ureteral Obstruction
06:37

An Immature Murine Model of Reversible Unilateral Ureteral Obstruction

Published on: April 4, 2025

Interventions for primary vesicoureteric reflux.

Evi Vt Nagler1, Gabrielle Williams, Elisabeth M Hodson

  • 1Renal Division, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Ghent, Ghent, Belgium.

The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
|June 17, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Long-term antibiotics did not significantly reduce urinary tract infections (UTIs) in children with vesicoureteric reflux (VUR). However, antibiotic prophylaxis did reduce renal damage, though at the cost of increased bacterial resistance.

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Vessel-sparing Excision and Primary Anastomosis
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Vessel-sparing Excision and Primary Anastomosis

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Vessel-sparing Excision and Primary Anastomosis
08:09

Vessel-sparing Excision and Primary Anastomosis

Published on: January 7, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Pediatric Nephrology
  • Urology
  • Infectious Diseases

Background:

  • Vesicoureteric reflux (VUR) is a condition where urine flows backward from the bladder to the ureters.
  • Urinary tract infections (UTIs) associated with VUR in children can lead to permanent kidney damage.
  • Current management strategies focus on preventing UTIs through antibiotic prophylaxis or surgical correction, but optimal approaches remain unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the benefits and harms of various treatment options for primary VUR in children.
  • To compare antibiotic prophylaxis, surgical correction, and combined therapies against no treatment.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs).
  • Searched CENTRAL, MEDLINE, and EMBASE databases for RCTs comparing VUR treatments.
  • Included 20 RCTs involving 2324 children, analyzing outcomes like symptomatic UTIs, febrile UTIs, and renal damage.

Main Results:

  • Long-term antibiotic prophylaxis did not significantly reduce repeat symptomatic or febrile UTIs compared to no treatment.
  • Antibiotic prophylaxis did reduce the risk of new or progressive renal damage (RR 0.35, 95% CI 0.15 to 0.80).
  • Antibiotic use increased bacterial drug resistance threefold (RR 2.94, 95% CI 1.39 to 6.25).
  • Surgical or endoscopic correction combined with antibiotics showed no significant difference in symptomatic UTIs or renal damage compared to antibiotics alone, but reduced febrile UTIs by 57%.

Conclusions:

  • Long-term, low-dose antibiotics did not significantly decrease symptomatic or febrile UTIs in children with VUR.
  • Antibiotic prophylaxis showed a significant reduction in renal damage, but 33 children require prophylaxis to prevent one case.
  • The added benefit of surgical/endoscopic correction over antibiotics alone for VUR remains unclear, despite potential reduction in febrile UTIs.