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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 31, 2026

A Real-world What-Where-When Memory Test

A Real-world What-Where-When Memory Test

Published on: May 16, 2017

Do Clark's nutcrackers demonstrate what-where-when memory on a cache-recovery task?

Kristy L Gould¹, Amy J Ort, Alan C Kamil

¹Department of Psychology, Luther College, Decorah, IA 52101, USA. goulkr01@luther.edu

Animal Cognition

|June 18, 2011

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Clark's nutcrackers demonstrated spatial memory during cache recovery. They selectively retrieved seeds over beads after a long retention interval, suggesting potential what-where-when memory capabilities.

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Area of Science:

Behavioral Ecology
Cognitive Ethology
Animal Cognition

Background:

Cache recovery in birds relies on memory for food locations.
Understanding the temporal and item-specific components of avian memory is crucial for ecological studies.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the what-where-when (WWW) memory in Clark's nutcrackers during cache recovery.
To determine if nutcrackers can differentiate between cached items based on memory.

Main Methods:

Six Clark's nutcrackers were trained to cache red and blue pine seeds in sand-filled holes.
A short (3-day) or long (9-day) retention interval preceded cache recovery.
Caches were replaced with either a seed or a wooden bead, with replacement depending on cache color and retention interval duration.

Main Results:

Nutcrackers exhibited above-chance accuracy in recovering cached items, indicating strong spatial memory.
After a long retention interval, birds preferentially recovered seeds over beads.
This selective recovery was not observed after a short retention interval, where seeds and beads were recovered equally.

Conclusions:

Clark's nutcrackers display evidence of what-where-when memory during cache recovery tasks.
The duration of the retention interval appears to influence the birds' ability to recall specific cache contents.
Further research is needed to elucidate the mechanisms behind the retention interval's effect on memory recall.