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Related Concept Videos

Hepatitis01:25

Hepatitis

Hepatitis is an inflammatory condition of the liver most commonly caused by hepatotropic viruses (A–E), though non-infectious causes such as alcohol and drugs also exist.Hepatitis AHepatitis A virus (HAV) is a non-enveloped RNA virus of the Picornaviridae family. It is primarily transmitted via the fecal-oral route, typically through ingestion of contaminated food or water. After ingestion, HAV enters the bloodstream through the oropharynx or intestinal epithelium and reaches the liver. The...
Viruses with RNA Genomes01:29

Viruses with RNA Genomes

RNA viruses are categorized into positive-strand, negative-strand, or double-stranded groups based on their genomic structure and replication mechanisms. This classification dictates how they exploit host cellular machinery for protein synthesis and replication. Some RNA viruses also utilize reverse transcription as part of their life cycle, further diversifying their replication strategies.Positive-Strand RNA VirusesPositive-strand RNA viruses have genomes that function directly as messenger...
Viral Hepatitis I: Introduction01:28

Viral Hepatitis I: Introduction

Viral hepatitis is an inflammatory condition of the liver caused by infection with hepatotropic viruses, most commonly hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E. Despite variations in structure and transmission, all viruses mentioned infect hepatocytes and provoke immune responses that can hinder liver function. Additionally, some non-hepatotropic viruses can also lead to hepatic inflammation.Hepatitis A VirusHepatitis A virus (HAV) is transmitted through the fecal–oral route, typically by ingestion of food...
Retrovirus Life Cycles01:10

Retrovirus Life Cycles

Retroviruses have a single-stranded RNA genome that undergoes a special form of replication. Once the retrovirus has entered the host cell, an enzyme called reverse transcriptase synthesizes double-stranded DNA from the retroviral RNA genome. This DNA copy of the genome is then integrated into the host’s genome inside the nucleus via an enzyme called integrase. Consequently, the retroviral genome is transcribed into RNA whenever the host’s genome is transcribed, allowing the retrovirus to...
Size and Structure of Viral Genomes01:26

Size and Structure of Viral Genomes

Viral genomes exhibit remarkable diversity in size, structure, and composition, influencing their replication strategies and interactions with host cells. These genomes consist of either DNA or RNA and may be linear or circular. Additionally, they can be single-stranded or double-stranded, with each configuration affecting how the virus propagates within a host. RNA viruses, for instance, generally have smaller genomes than DNA viruses, a factor that contributes to their high mutation rates and...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 31, 2026

A Protocol for Analyzing Hepatitis C Virus Replication
13:04

A Protocol for Analyzing Hepatitis C Virus Replication

Published on: June 26, 2014

Turning hepatitis C into a real virus.

Catherine L Murray1, Charles M Rice

  • 1The Center for the Study of Hepatitis C, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10065, USA. murrayc@rockefeller.edu

Annual Review of Microbiology
|June 21, 2011
PubMed
Summary

Developing experimental models for hepatitis C virus (HCV) has been challenging, hindering treatment progress. Recent breakthroughs in model systems are now paving the way for new targeted antiviral therapies for chronic hepatitis C.

Area of Science:

  • Hepatology and Virology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Drug Discovery

Background:

  • Hepatitis C virus (HCV) chronically infects an estimated 130 million people globally.
  • Developing experimental systems for HCV has been a significant scientific challenge.
  • Limited effective treatments and no vaccine exist for chronic hepatitis C.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the progress in developing tractable model systems for hepatitis C virus.
  • To highlight key breakthroughs that have advanced the study of HCV.
  • To discuss the impact of model systems on antiviral drug discovery.

Main Methods:

  • Review of historical research and scientific literature on hepatitis C virus model systems.
  • Analysis of key technical hurdles and advancements in HCV research.

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Modeling Hepatitis B Virus Infection in Non-Hepatic 293T-NE-3NRs Cells

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Last Updated: May 31, 2026

A Protocol for Analyzing Hepatitis C Virus Replication
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Development of a Hepatitis B Virus Reporter System to Monitor the Early Stages of the Replication Cycle
09:35

Development of a Hepatitis B Virus Reporter System to Monitor the Early Stages of the Replication Cycle

Published on: February 1, 2017

Modeling Hepatitis B Virus Infection in Non-Hepatic 293T-NE-3NRs Cells
09:02

Modeling Hepatitis B Virus Infection in Non-Hepatic 293T-NE-3NRs Cells

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  • Examination of the progression from viral identification to current therapeutic strategies.

    • Main Results:

    • Despite significant challenges, progress has been made in establishing experimental systems for HCV.
    • Key breakthroughs have enabled a deeper understanding of the virus.
    • These advancements are driving the development of targeted antiviral therapies.

    Conclusions:

    • The development of robust model systems has been crucial for understanding hepatitis C.
    • New generations of directly acting antiviral inhibitors are emerging.
    • Continued progress in model systems is essential for future hepatitis C prevention and treatment.