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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 31, 2026

Improving 2D and 3D Skin In Vitro Models Using Macromolecular Crowding

Improving 2D and 3D Skin In Vitro Models Using Macromolecular Crowding

Published on: August 22, 2016

Crowding is size and eccentricity dependent.

Rick Gurnsey¹, Gabrielle Roddy, Waël Chanab

¹Department of Psychology, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada. rick.gurnsey@concordia.ca

Journal of Vision

|June 21, 2011

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Crowding, where surrounding items hinder target perception, intensifies with visual field eccentricity. This study reveals crowding is absent at fixation but significant in peripheral vision, challenging prior assumptions.

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Area of Science:

Visual perception
Neuroscience
Psychophysics

Background:

Crowding describes lateral interactions where flanking stimuli impede target detection or discrimination.
It is widely assumed that crowding is exclusive to peripheral vision, with no occurrence at fixation.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the presence and nature of crowding across different visual field eccentricities.
To determine if crowding interactions change with increasing distance from the fovea.

Main Methods:

Three psychophysical tasks were employed to measure target size and flanker separation at threshold.
Measurements were taken at eccentricities from 0° to 16° in the lower visual field.
A double-scaling procedure was used to analyze the psychometric functions.

Main Results:

The magnitude of crowding significantly increased with eccentricity, from no crowding at fixation to extreme crowding at 16°.
Data from all tasks, when scaled, exhibited a consistent psychometric function across eccentricities.
This suggests a unified mechanism underlying crowding, with parameters varying by eccentricity.

Conclusions:

Crowding is not limited to the periphery and its magnitude is strongly dependent on eccentricity.
The findings support a model where size-dependent target responses and distance-dependent flanker interference interact.
The interference from flankers appears to escalate with increasing eccentricity in the visual field.