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Related Concept Videos

Spin–Spin Coupling: Two-Bond Coupling (Geminal Coupling)01:20

Spin–Spin Coupling: Two-Bond Coupling (Geminal Coupling)

Two NMR-active nuclei bonded to a central atom can be involved in geminal or two-bond coupling. Geminal coupling is commonly seen between diastereotopic protons in chiral molecules and unsymmetrical alkenes, among others.
The central atom need not be NMR-active because its electrons are affected by the electron polarization of the spin-active atoms. However, spin information is transmitted less effectively than in one-bond coupling, and 2J values are usually weaker than 1J values. The energy of...
Spin–Spin Coupling Constant: Overview01:08

Spin–Spin Coupling Constant: Overview

In bromoethane, the three methyl protons are coupled to the two methylene protons that are three bonds away. In accordance with the n+1 rule, the signal from the methyl protons is split into three peaks with 1:2:1 relative intensities. The methylene protons appear as a quartet, with the relative intensities of 1:3:3:1.
Qualitatively, any spin plus-half nucleus polarizes the spins of its electrons to the minus-half state. Consequently, the paired electron in the hydrogen–carbon bond must have a...
Interpreting ¹H NMR Signal Splitting: The (n + 1) Rule01:10

Interpreting ¹H NMR Signal Splitting: The (n + 1) Rule

In the AX proton spin system, proton A can sense the two spin states of a coupled proton X, resulting in a doublet NMR signal with two peaks of equal (1:1) intensity. When proton A is coupled to two equivalent protons (AX2 spin system), the spin states of each X can be aligned with or against the external field, creating three possible scenarios. This results in a 1:2:1  triplet signal, where the central peak corresponds to the chemical shift of A and is twice as large or intense as the others.
Spin–Spin Coupling: One-Bond Coupling01:17

Spin–Spin Coupling: One-Bond Coupling

Coupling interactions are strongest between NMR-active nuclei bonded to each other, where spin information can be transmitted directly through the pair of bonding electrons. While nuclei polarize their electrons to the opposite spins, the bonding electron pair has opposite spins. Configurations with antiparallel nuclear spins are expected to be lower in energy. When coupling makes antiparallel states more favorable, J is considered to have a positive value. The one-bond coupling constant, 1J,...
¹H NMR: Complex Splitting01:13

¹H NMR: Complex Splitting

A proton M that is coupled to a proton X results in doublet signals for M. However, NMR-active nuclei can be simultaneously coupled to more than one nonequivalent nucleus. When M is coupled to a second proton A, such as in styrene oxide, each peak in the doublet is split into another doublet.
Splitting diagrams or splitting tree diagrams are routinely used to depict such complex couplings. While drawing splitting diagrams, the splitting with the larger coupling constant is usually applied first.
¹³C NMR: ¹H–¹³C Decoupling01:04

¹³C NMR: ¹H–¹³C Decoupling

The probability of having two carbon-13 atoms next to each other is negligible because of the low natural abundance of carbon-13. Consequently, peak splitting due to carbon-carbon spin-spin coupling is not observed in spectra. However, protons up to three sigma bonds away split the carbon signal according to the n+1 rule, resulting in complicated spectra.
A broadband decoupling technique is used to simplify these complex, sometimes overlapping, signals. Broadband decoupling relies on a...

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Experimental Methods for Spin- and Angle-Resolved Photoemission Spectroscopy Combined with Polarization-Variable Laser
09:00

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Giant Rashba-type spin splitting in bulk BiTeI.

K Ishizaka1, M S Bahramy, H Murakawa

  • 1Department of Applied Physics, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan. ishizaka@ap.t.u-tokyo.ac.jp

Nature Materials
|June 21, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers discovered a giant Rashba spin splitting in BiTeI, a semiconductor with heavy elements. This finding is crucial for advancing spintronics and magnetoelectrics by enhancing electron-spin coupling.

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Area of Science:

  • Condensed matter physics
  • Materials science
  • Spintronics

Background:

  • Relativistic electrons in solids exhibit phenomena relevant to spintronics and magnetoelectrics.
  • The Rashba effect, arising from spin-orbit interaction in broken inversion symmetry, lifts electron-spin degeneracy.
  • High-energy-scale Rashba spin splitting is essential for strong electron-spin coupling in spintronic devices.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the spin-orbit interaction effect in polar semiconductors composed of heavy elements.
  • To identify materials exhibiting large Rashba-like spin splitting for spintronic applications.
  • To confirm the origin of spin splitting in bulk atomic configurations.

Main Methods:

  • Relativistic first-principles calculations.
  • Spin- and angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (SARPES).

Main Results:

  • A huge spin-orbit interaction effect was found in the polar semiconductor BiTeI.
  • Bulk carriers in BiTeI exhibit large Rashba-like spin splitting.
  • Experimental results from SARPES align with theoretical calculations, confirming bulk atomic origin of spin splitting.

Conclusions:

  • The giant-Rashba semiconductor BiTeI demonstrates significant spin-orbit interaction.
  • The material shows potential for applications in spin-dependent electronic functions.
  • Feasibility of carrier-doping control in BiTeI further enhances its application prospects.