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Related Concept Videos

IR Frequency Region: X–H Stretching01:24

IR Frequency Region: X–H Stretching

In IR spectroscopy, signals produced by the X−H bonds (such as C−H, O−H, or N−H) can be observed in the frequency range of  2700–4000 cm–1. The C−H stretching vibration forms sharp bands in the region 2850–3000 cm–1. The presence of the O−H stretching vibration leads to the forming of an absorption band in the frequency range 3650–3200 cm−1. At the same time, N−H stretching can be confirmed by absorption bands in the 3500–3100 cm−1 range. Even though both O−H and N−H bonds vibrate at a similar...
IR Absorption Frequency: Hybridization01:21

IR Absorption Frequency: Hybridization

Hydrocarbons such as alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes show characteristic C–H stretching absorption bands. These IR stretching frequencies depend on the hybridization of the involved carbon atom and can be explained in terms of the s character of each hybridized atomic orbital.
Among the sp, sp2, and sp3 hybridized orbitals, sp orbitals have the maximum s character (50%). Consequently, the electrons are held more closely to the nucleus, resulting in stronger and shorter C–H bonds that stretch at a...
IR Frequency Region: Fingerprint Region01:03

IR Frequency Region: Fingerprint Region

IR spectra are divided into two main regions: the diagnostic region and the fingerprint region. The diagnostic region of the spectrum lies above 1500 cm−1. The absorptions resulting from single-bond vibrations of the N–H, C–H, and O–H stretch at higher wavenumbers and appear on the left side of the spectrum. The stretching absorptions of the C≡C and C≡N occur between 2100–2300 cm−1. In contrast, those arising from stretching absorptions of the C=O, C=N, and C=C occur between 1600–1850 cm−1.
The...
IR Frequency Region: Alkene and Carbonyl Stretching01:29

IR Frequency Region: Alkene and Carbonyl Stretching

Double bonds in alkenes and carbonyl compounds exhibit stretching frequencies in the diagnostic region of the IR spectrum. In addition, alkenes exhibit vinylic C–H stretching and C–H out-of-plane bending absorptions that are useful for identifying substitution patterns.
Stretching frequencies are affected by several factors, such as resonance, inductive effects, ring strain, dipole moment, and hydrogen bonding. Consequently, the stretching frequency of the carbonyl double bond varies in...
IR Spectrum01:19

IR Spectrum

When infrared (IR) radiation passes through a molecule, the bonds stretch or bend by absorbing the radiation. This absorption creates the molecule's absorption spectrum, which is the plot of its percentage transmittance versus wavenumber.
Transmittance is defined as the ratio of the radiant power passing through a sample to that from the radiation's source. Multiplying the transmittance by 100 gives the percent transmittance (%T), which varies between 100% (no absorption) and 0% (complete...
Infrared (IR) Spectroscopy: Overview01:09

Infrared (IR) Spectroscopy: Overview

When electromagnetic radiation passes through a material, atoms or molecules transition from a lower to a higher energy state by absorbing radiation corresponding to the energy difference between the two states. The absorption of infrared (IR) radiation causes transitions between vibrational energy levels in a molecule. Therefore, IR spectroscopy is a useful analytical tool for determining the molecular structure of molecules.
Different compounds display unique properties due to their...

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Quantum State Engineering of Light with Continuous-wave Optical Parametric Oscillators
09:23

Quantum State Engineering of Light with Continuous-wave Optical Parametric Oscillators

Published on: May 30, 2014

Mid-IR frequency comb source spanning 4.4-5.4 μm based on subharmonic GaAs optical parametric oscillator.

K L Vodopyanov1, E Sorokin, I T Sorokina

  • 1E. L. Ginzton Laboratory, 348 via Palou, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA. vodopyan@stanford.edu

Optics Letters
|June 21, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

A novel degenerate subharmonic optical parametric oscillator (OPO) generated broadband mid-infrared output. This system is suitable for creating wide frequency combs, advancing mid-IR laser technology.

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Quantum State Engineering of Light with Continuous-wave Optical Parametric Oscillators
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Microwave Photonics Systems Based on Whispering-gallery-mode Resonators

Published on: August 5, 2013

Area of Science:

  • Nonlinear Optics
  • Laser Physics
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Frequency combs are crucial for precise measurements and spectroscopy.
  • Generating broadband mid-infrared (mid-IR) light is challenging but essential for various applications.
  • Optical parametric oscillators (OPOs) are versatile sources for generating tunable and broadband coherent light.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To achieve broadband mid-IR output for generating wide frequency combs.
  • To demonstrate the capability of a degenerate subharmonic OPO for mid-IR generation.
  • To explore the use of orientation-patterned GaAs in mid-IR OPOs.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a degenerate subharmonic optical parametric oscillator (OPO).
  • Employed a 500-μm-long Brewster-angled orientation-patterned Gallium Arsenide (GaAs) crystal.
  • Synchronously pumped the OPO with femtosecond pulses (100 fs) from a Cr²⁺:ZnSe laser at 2.45 μm wavelength and 182 MHz repetition rate.

Main Results:

  • Achieved broadband mid-IR output centered at 4.9 μm.
  • Generated a 1000-nm-wide frequency comb.
  • Demonstrated efficient parametric down-conversion in orientation-patterned GaAs.

Conclusions:

  • The developed degenerate subharmonic OPO is effective for generating broadband mid-IR light.
  • Orientation-patterned GaAs is a suitable material for mid-IR OPO applications.
  • The system shows promise for applications requiring wide mid-IR frequency combs.