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Related Concept Videos

Encephalitis l: Introduction01:19

Encephalitis l: Introduction

Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma, most often due to infections or autoimmune processes. It presents with neuropsychiatric features such as fever, altered mental status, behavioral changes, cognitive dysfunction, seizures, focal deficits, and sometimes autonomic instability. In some cases, the meninges are also involved, resulting in meningoencephalitis.Infectious CausesInfectious encephalitis is most commonly viral but can also result from bacterial, fungal, or parasitic...
Encephalitis ll: Pathophysiology01:26

Encephalitis ll: Pathophysiology

Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma caused by direct viral invasion or immune-mediated mechanisms triggered by infections or tumors. Both processes lead to neuronal injury, disrupted neurotransmission, and diverse neurological symptoms, often with overlapping clinical and pathological features.Autoimmune EncephalitisIn autoimmune encephalitis, antibodies target neuronal antigens on cell surfaces, synapses, or within neurons. A key example is anti-NMDAR encephalitis, which can...
Arboviral Encephalitis01:25

Arboviral Encephalitis

Arboviral encephalitis refers to brain inflammation caused by arthropod-borne viruses, particularly those transmitted through mosquito vectors. Among these, West Nile virus (WNV), a member of the Flaviviridae family, is a significant public health concern. WNV is an enveloped, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA virus. Human infection typically begins when an infected mosquito introduces the virus into the dermis during feeding. The primary transmission cycle involves birds as amplifying hosts...
Viral Meningitis01:18

Viral Meningitis

Viral meningitis is the most common form of meningitis and is often referred to as aseptic meningitis to indicate the absence of bacterial involvement. It is generally milder than bacterial meningitis, with symptoms including fever, headache, stiff neck, drowsiness, nausea, photophobia, and vomiting. Rarely, more severe manifestations or death may occur. Common causative agents include enteroviruses, particularly coxsackie A and B viruses and echoviruses, all members of the Enterovirus genus...
Viral Recombination00:57

Viral Recombination

Cells are sometimes infected by more than one virus at once. When two viruses disassemble to expose their genomes for replication in the same cell, similar regions of their genomes can pair together and exchange sequences in a process called recombination. Alternatively, viruses with segmented genomes can swap segments in a process called reassortment.
Poliomyelitis01:17

Poliomyelitis

Poliomyelitis is caused by poliovirus, a small, non-enveloped, positive-sense RNA virus of the Picornaviridae family and Enterovirus genus. Transmission occurs primarily via the fecal-oral route, often through ingestion of contaminated water or food. The virus initially replicates in the oropharynx and intestinal mucosa, particularly in lymphoid tissues such as the tonsils, Peyer’s patches, and regional lymph nodes. Primary viremia follows, allowing dissemination throughout the body.In most...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 31, 2026

Intracerebroventricular and Intravascular Injection of Viral Particles and Fluorescent Microbeads into the Neonatal Brain
05:51

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Published on: July 24, 2016

Recurrent enterovirus encephalitis: chance or something else?

Frankie Wai Tsoi Cheng1, Paul K S Chan, Wendy C S Ho

  • 1Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Department of Paediatrics, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong.

BMJ Case Reports
|June 21, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Transient hypogammaglobulinaemia of infancy (THI) can lead to severe enterovirus infections. This case highlights that THI may present with serious viral infections, challenging traditional beliefs.

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Area of Science:

  • Pediatric Immunology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Neurology

Background:

  • Enterovirus infections can cause severe illness, including encephalitis, in infants.
  • Transient hypogammaglobulinaemia of infancy (THI) is a common primary immunodeficiency characterized by low immunoglobulin G (IgG) levels.
  • THI has not been traditionally associated with severe viral infections.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To report a case of recurrent severe enterovirus infections in an infant with transient hypogammaglobulinaemia of infancy (THI).
  • To challenge the established understanding of THI's association with viral infections.
  • To alert physicians to the potential for serious enterovirus infections in THI patients.

Main Methods:

  • Clinical case presentation of a 22-month-old boy.
  • Review of medical history including episodes of encephalitis and febrile illnesses.
  • Immunological workup including leucocyte counts, lymphocyte subsets, and serum IgG levels.
  • Assessment of specific antibody responses to booster vaccines.

Main Results:

  • The patient experienced recurrent enterovirus infections, including two episodes of encephalitis and two febrile illnesses, caused by different enterovirus serotypes.
  • Immunology workup revealed persistently low serum IgG but satisfactory specific antibody responses to vaccines.
  • The clinical presentation was consistent with transient hypogammaglobulinaemia of infancy (THI).

Conclusions:

  • This case report demonstrates that transient hypogammaglobulinaemia of infancy (THI) can be associated with severe, recurrent enterovirus infections.
  • Physicians should consider THI in infants presenting with serious viral infections, even if the condition is considered relatively benign.
  • This finding expands the known clinical spectrum of THI and its potential complications.