Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Determination

Determination

During embryogenesis, cells become progressively committed to different fates through a two-step process: specification followed by determination. Specification is demonstrated by removing a segment of an early embryo, “neutrally” culturing the tissue in vitro—for example, in a petri dish with simple medium—and then observing the derivatives. If the cultured region gives rise to cell types that it would normally generate in the embryo, this means that it is specified. In contrast, determination...

Clinical Trials: Overview

Clinical Trials: Overview

Clinical development focuses on how the drug will interact with the human body and encompasses four key phases of clinical trials, each serving a specific purpose in assessing the safety and effectiveness of new drugs. These phases overlap and build upon one another. Phase I involves a small group of healthy volunteers (typically 20-80 individuals) or, in cases where significant toxicity is expected, patients with the targeted disease, such as cancer or AIDS. The volunteers are tested for...

Multiple Allele Traits

Multiple Allele Traits

The Concept of Multiple Allelism

X-linked Traits

X-linked Traits

In most mammalian species, females have two X sex chromosomes and males have an X and Y. As a result, mutations on the X chromosome in females may be masked by the presence of a normal allele on the second X. In contrast, a mutation on the X chromosome in males more often causes observable biological defects, as there is no normal X to compensate. Trait variations arising from mutations on the X chromosome are called “X-linked”.

The Scientific Method

The Scientific Method

The scientific method is a detailed, empirical problem-solving process used by biologists and other scientists. This iterative approach involves formulating a question based on observation, developing a testable potential explanation for the observation (called a hypothesis), making and testing predictions based on the hypothesis, and using the findings to create new hypotheses and predictions.
Generally, predictions are tested using carefully-designed experiments. Based on the outcome of these...

Correlation and Causation

Correlation and Causation

Statistical tests can calculate whether there is a relationship, or correlation, between independent and dependent variables. An indirect relationship of the variables signifies a correlation, while a direct relationship shows causation. If it is determined that no connection exists between the variables, then the correlation is a coincidence.
Correlation versus Causation
If the dependent variable increases or decreases when the independent variable increases, there is a positive or negative...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Quality of life before and after redo IPAA: does pouch salvage improve quality of life?

Techniques in coloproctology·2026

Same author

Transanal circumferential pouch advancement for treatment of pouch vaginal fistulae.

Techniques in coloproctology·2024

Same author

Long-term ileoanal pouch survival after pouch urinary tract fistulae.

Techniques in coloproctology·2024

Same author

Core competencies in critical care for general medical practitioners in South Africa: A Delphi study.

The Southern African journal of critical care : the official journal of the Critical Care Society·2024

Same author

Defining the safety of early ileostomy closure after ileal pouch anal anastomosis.

Techniques in coloproctology·2023

Same author

Correction: Dads in Distress: symptoms of depression and traumatic stress in fathers following poor fetal, neonatal, and maternal outcomes.

BMC pregnancy and childbirth·2023

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 31, 2026

A Multicenter MRI Protocol for the Evaluation and Quantification of Deep Vein Thrombosis

A Multicenter MRI Protocol for the Evaluation and Quantification of Deep Vein Thrombosis

Published on: June 2, 2015

Determining authorship in multicenter trials: a systematic review.

J M Dulhunty¹, R J Boots, J D Paratz

¹Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Herston, Qld, Australia. joel_dulhunty@health.qld.gov.au

Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica

|June 22, 2011

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Determining authorship in multicenter clinical trials presents challenges. This review identifies eight methods, proposing a guide based on collaboration size for fair author credit.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 31, 2026

A Multicenter MRI Protocol for the Evaluation and Quantification of Deep Vein Thrombosis

A Multicenter MRI Protocol for the Evaluation and Quantification of Deep Vein Thrombosis

Published on: June 2, 2015

Area of Science:

Clinical Trials
Research Ethics
Scientific Publication

Background:

Multicenter clinical trials involve numerous collaborators, leading to complex authorship determination.
Ethical and practical challenges arise in fairly assigning author credit in large-scale research.

Purpose of the Study:

To systematically review existing methods for assigning authorship in multicenter clinical trials.
To evaluate the practicality and fairness of identified authorship determination approaches.

Main Methods:

A literature search was conducted using terms 'authorship' and 'clinical trial,' 'multicenter' or 'multicentre.'
Articles were screened for relevance, and reference lists were reviewed for additional sources.
Identified methods were assessed for practicality, fairness, and timeliness.

Main Results:

Eight distinct methods for determining authorship were identified.
Four methods utilized scoring systems, two provided guidelines referencing scoring, and two offered general guidelines.
All reviewed methods aimed for fairness and practicality, with varying degrees of success.

Conclusions:

No single authorship method is universally applicable to all multicenter trials.
A proposed guide suggests byline inclusion for smaller groups (<10) and explicit guidelines with scoring systems for larger collaborations (≥10).