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Acne Infection

Acne is a multifactorial skin condition primarily affecting adolescents and young adults, with a global prevalence estimated to exceed 75% in this demographic. The condition is characterized by the formation of comedones (blackheads and whiteheads), papules, pustules, nodules, and, in severe cases, cysts, particularly in areas rich in sebaceous glands such as the face, neck, chest, and back. The pathogenesis involves increased sebum production, follicular hyperkeratinization, colonization by...
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Skin cancer is a type of cancer that occurs when there is an abnormal growth of skin cells, usually triggered by damage to the DNA within the skin cells. It is primarily caused by exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun or artificial sources like tanning beds. Skin cancer is the most common type of cancer worldwide, and its incidence continues to rise.
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Autoimmune Disorders

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Accessory Structures of the Skin: Hair Growth and Types

Hair growth begins with the production of keratinocytes by the basal cells of the hair bulb. As new cells are deposited at the hair bulb, the hair shaft is pushed through the follicle toward the surface. Keratinization is completed as the cells are pushed to the skin surface to form the shaft of hair that is externally visible. The external hair is completely dead and composed entirely of keratin. Hair can be cut or shaven without damaging the hair structure because the cut is superficial. Most...
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Updated: May 31, 2026

A New Technique for Quantitative Analysis of Hair Loss in Mice Using Grayscale Analysis
06:41

A New Technique for Quantitative Analysis of Hair Loss in Mice Using Grayscale Analysis

Published on: March 9, 2015

Systemic treatment for alopecia areata.

Nina Otberg1

  • 1Skin and Laser Center Potsdam, Hair Clinic, Potsdam, Germany. ninaotberg@gmx.com

Dermatologic Therapy
|June 22, 2011
PubMed
Summary

Alopecia areata affects 1.7% of the global population, with limited effective treatments for severe cases. This review examines side effects and relapse rates of systemic agents used for severe alopecia areata.

Area of Science:

  • Dermatology
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Alopecia areata (AA) is an autoimmune condition affecting 1.7% of the global population.
  • The etiology of AA remains largely unknown, and its clinical course is unpredictable.
  • Current treatments for severe forms like multifocal AA, alopecia totalis, and alopecia universalis are insufficient.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review and discuss the side effects of systemic agents used in treating severe and rapidly progressive alopecia areata.
  • To analyze the relapse rates associated with these systemic treatments for severe alopecia areata.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of systemic agents for severe alopecia areata.
  • Analysis of reported side effect profiles.
  • Evaluation of relapse data from clinical studies and case reports.

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Last Updated: May 31, 2026

A New Technique for Quantitative Analysis of Hair Loss in Mice Using Grayscale Analysis
06:41

A New Technique for Quantitative Analysis of Hair Loss in Mice Using Grayscale Analysis

Published on: March 9, 2015

Mechanical and Controlled PRP Injections in Patients Affected by Androgenetic Alopecia
03:22

Mechanical and Controlled PRP Injections in Patients Affected by Androgenetic Alopecia

Published on: January 27, 2018

Main Results:

  • Systemic agents show variable efficacy but are associated with significant side effects.
  • Relapse rates are a considerable concern across different treatment modalities.
  • Data on long-term outcomes and comparative effectiveness is limited.

Conclusions:

  • Effective and well-tolerated treatments for severe alopecia areata are still needed.
  • Careful patient selection and monitoring are crucial when using systemic agents.
  • Further research is required to establish optimal therapeutic strategies for severe alopecia areata.