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Updated: May 31, 2026

Hyperspectral Imaging as a Tool to Study Optical Anisotropy in Lanthanide-Based Molecular Single Crystals
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Optical study of Yb(3+)/Yb(2+) conversion in CaF(2) crystals.

Sławomir M Kaczmarek1, Taiju Tsuboi, Masahiko Ito

  • 1Institute of Physics, Szczecin University of Technology, Aleja Piastów 48, 70-310 Szczecin, Poland.

Journal of Physics. Condensed Matter : an Institute of Physics Journal
|June 22, 2011
PubMed
Summary

Gamma irradiation and hydrogen annealing create Yb(2+) in Yb(3+):CaF(2) crystals via different mechanisms. Gamma irradiation favors isolated Yb(2+) centers, while annealing favors Yb(2+) centers near Yb(3+) ions.

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Area of Science:

  • Solid-state physics
  • Materials science
  • Luminescence

Background:

  • Ytterbium (Yb3+) doped calcium fluoride (CaF2) crystals are promising for optical applications.
  • Understanding the valence state conversion of Yb3+ to Yb2+ is crucial for material property tuning.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the formation and characteristics of Yb2+ in Yb3+:CaF2 crystals.
  • To compare the effects of gamma irradiation and hydrogen annealing on Yb valence state.
  • To elucidate the mechanisms behind Yb2+ creation and its impact on optical properties.

Main Methods:

  • Optical absorption and emission spectroscopy were used to analyze Yb3+:CaF2 crystals.
  • Crystals were subjected to gamma irradiation and hydrogen annealing.
  • UV-Vis absorption spectra and luminescence spectra were recorded and analyzed.

Main Results:

  • Both gamma irradiation and hydrogen annealing induced the formation of Yb2+ absorption bands.
  • Gamma irradiation resulted in higher absorption intensity, dependent on gamma dose.
  • Distinct structural differences in UV spectra suggest different Yb2+ creation mechanisms.
  • Gamma irradiation favors isolated Yb2+ at Ca2+ sites, while H2 annealing favors Yb2+ near Yb3+ pairs.
  • Photo-ionization of Yb2+ was observed, leading to Yb3+ luminescence.

Conclusions:

  • Gamma irradiation and hydrogen annealing are effective methods for creating Yb2+ in CaF2.
  • The mechanisms of Yb2+ formation differ significantly between the two treatment methods.
  • The site symmetry and location of Yb2+ ions are influenced by the treatment method.
  • The study provides insights into controlling the valence state of Yb in CaF2 for optical applications.