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Electron Configurations

Electron Configurations

Electron configurations and orbital diagrams can be determined by applying the Aufbau principle (each added electron occupies the subshell of lowest energy available), Pauli exclusion principle (no two electrons can have the same set of four quantum numbers), and Hund’s rule of maximum multiplicity (whenever possible, electrons retain unpaired spins in degenerate orbitals).
The relative energies of the subshells determine the order in which atomic orbitals are filled (1s, 2s, 2p, 3s, 3p, 4s,...

Electronic Structure of Atoms

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An atom comprises protons and neutrons, which are contained inside the dense, central core called the nucleus, with electrons present around the nucleus. Taking into account the wave–particle duality of electrons and the uncertainty in position around the nucleus, quantum mechanics provides a more accurate model for the atomic structure. It describes atomic orbitals as the regions around the nucleus where electrons of discrete energy exist, characterized by four quantum numbers: n, l, ml, and...

Carbon Skeletons

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Life on Earth is carbon-based, as all macromolecules that make up living organisms contain carbon atoms. All organic compounds have a carbon backbone. Each carbon atom is tetravalent and can bond with four other atoms, making it an extraordinarily flexible component of biological molecules. Because carbon’s valence electrons are stable, it rarely becomes an ion. As the carbon chain increases in length, structural modifications such as ring structures, double bonds, and branching side chains...

Molecular Shapes

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Molecules have characteristic shapes that are crucial for their function. The arrangement of various electron groups around the central atom dictates their molecular geometry. Electron pairs in the valence shell of a central atom will adopt an arrangement that minimizes repulsions between the electron pairs by maximizing the distance between them. The valence electrons form either bonding pairs, located primarily between bonded atoms, or lone pairs.
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Lewis Symbols and the Octet Rule

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Chemical bonds are complex interactions between two or more atoms or ions, which reduce the potential energy of the molecule. Gilbert N. Lewis developed a model called the Lewis model that simplified the depiction of chemical bond formation and provided straightforward explanations for the chemical bonds seen in most common compounds.

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Updated: May 31, 2026

Atomic Scale Structural Studies of Macromolecular Assemblies by Solid-state Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy

Atomic Scale Structural Studies of Macromolecular Assemblies by Solid-state Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy

Published on: September 17, 2017

Atomic and electronic structure of carbon strings.

S Tongay¹, S Dag, E Durgun

¹Department of Physics, Bilkent University, 06800 Ankara, Turkey.

Journal of Physics. Condensed Matter : an Institute of Physics Journal

|June 22, 2011

Summary

Carbon atomic chains form diverse stable structures with unique mechanical and electronic properties. These findings reveal potential for novel materials and quantum devices, highlighting carbon

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Area of Science:

Materials Science
Condensed Matter Physics
Nanotechnology

Background:

Carbon atomic chains exhibit unique properties.
Their structural versatility is key to potential applications.

Purpose of the Study:

To extensively study string and tubular carbon atomic chain structures.
To analyze their mechanical and electronic properties.
To explore their potential for functionalization and device fabrication.

Main Methods:

First-principles pseudopotential plane wave calculations.
Finite-temperature ab initio molecular dynamics simulations.

Main Results:

Carbon chains form diverse structures (linear, ring, helix, 2D, 3D, tubular).
They possess high cohesive energy, axial strength, and conductance.
Structures remain stable at high temperatures and are amenable to functionalization.
Carbon-BN heterostructures enable quantum device formation (e.g., quantum wells, resonant tunneling structures).
Analysis revealed structural instabilities and chiral currents.

Conclusions:

Carbon atomic chains offer a versatile platform for novel materials.
Their unique properties are driven by double covalent bonding.
Potential applications include advanced electronics and functional materials.