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Related Concept Videos

Energy Diagrams - II01:10

Energy Diagrams - II

Energy diagrams are important to understand the dynamics of a system. The topology of an energy diagram helps illustrate the equilibrium points of the system.
The point in the energy diagram at which the system’s potential energy is the lowest is known as the local minima. The system tends to stay in this position indefinitely unless acted upon by a net force. The slope of the potential energy diagram at the local minima is zero, indicating that zero net force is acting on the system. The slope...
Energy Diagrams, Transition States, and Intermediates02:13

Energy Diagrams, Transition States, and Intermediates

Free-energy diagrams, or reaction coordinate diagrams, are graphs showing the energy changes that occur during a chemical reaction. The reaction coordinate represented on the horizontal axis shows how far the reaction has progressed structurally. Positions along the x-axis close to the reactants have structures resembling the reactants, while positions close to the products resemble the products.  Peaks on the energy diagram represent stable structures with measurable lifetimes, while other...
Free Energy Changes for Nonstandard States03:25

Free Energy Changes for Nonstandard States

The free energy change for a process taking place with reactants and products present under nonstandard conditions (pressures other than 1 bar; concentrations other than 1 M) is related to the standard free energy change according to this equation:
Energy Bands in Solids01:01

Energy Bands in Solids

Isolated atoms have discrete energy levels that are well described by the Bohr model. And, it quantifies the energy of an electron in a hydrogen atom as En. Higher quantum numbers 'n' yield less negative, closer electron energy levels.
 Band Formation:
When atoms are brought close together, as in a solid, these discrete energy levels begin to split due to the overlap of electron orbitals from adjacent atoms. This split occurs because of the Pauli exclusion principle, which states that no two...
States of Water01:23

States of Water

Water exists in any one of the three classical states: solid (ice), liquid (water), and gas (steam or water vapor). The state of water depends on i) the intermolecular forces that draw molecules together and ii) the kinetic energy that leads to movements that pull them apart.
Water freezes when the intermolecular forces are greater than the kinetic energy. Unlike most other substances, water is less dense in its solid state than in its liquid state. This is because each water molecule can form...
Energy Diagrams - I01:14

Energy Diagrams - I

The dynamics of a mechanical system can be easily understood by interpreting a potential energy diagram. Since energy is a scalar quantity, the interpretation of the dynamics of the system becomes even simpler.
Take the example of a skater on a parabolic ramp. The potential energy at different points along the ramp will be proportional to the height of the ramp, which varies quadratically with the horizontal position on the ramp. As the skater moves down the ramp from the highest position,...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 31, 2026

Cooling Rate Dependent Ellipsometry Measurements to Determine the Dynamics of Thin Glassy Films
09:32

Cooling Rate Dependent Ellipsometry Measurements to Determine the Dynamics of Thin Glassy Films

Published on: January 26, 2016

The glass state: characterizing energy landscape features.

Rodney M J Cotterill1, Jens U Madsen

  • 1Quantum Protein Centre, Physics Institute, Building 309, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Lyngby, Denmark.

Journal of Physics. Condensed Matter : an Institute of Physics Journal
|June 22, 2011
PubMed
Summary

The study reveals that the transition from glassy to crystalline states in monatomic Lennard-Jones matter does not require overcoming a potential energy barrier. Constant potential energy paths connect glassy and crystalline regions, challenging traditional assumptions.

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Last Updated: May 31, 2026

Cooling Rate Dependent Ellipsometry Measurements to Determine the Dynamics of Thin Glassy Films
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Methods of Ex Situ and In Situ Investigations of Structural Transformations: The Case of Crystallization of Metallic Glasses
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Fluid-cell Raman Spectroscopy for operando Studies of Reaction and Transport Phenomena during Silicate Glass Corrosion
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Area of Science:

  • Condensed Matter Physics
  • Computational Materials Science
  • Statistical Mechanics

Background:

  • The glassy state is characterized by complex energy landscapes.
  • Understanding transitions between glassy and crystalline states is crucial in materials science.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the topology of potential energy landscapes in glassy matter.
  • To explore the pathways connecting different conformational states.

Main Methods:

  • Following constant potential energy trajectories in configuration hyperspace.
  • Analyzing the structure of potential energy manifolds for monatomic Lennard-Jones systems.

Main Results:

  • Identified well-defined 'pockets' of confinement in the configuration hyperspace.
  • Discovered 'tubes' of constant potential energy connecting these pockets.
  • Found that glassy and crystalline pockets are interspersed, with direct paths between them.

Conclusions:

  • The transition from glass to crystal may not involve traversing a potential energy barrier.
  • Potential energy landscapes offer direct pathways between distinct material states.