Genetic assessment of cortical malformations

Malformations of cortical development comprise a clinically and etiologically heterogeneous group of distinct structural abnormalities of the cerebral cortex, commonly identified during MR imaging of patients with seizure disorders and/or developmental delay. MR imaging is crucial for further classification and together with additional clinical information and family history guiding specific genetic testing, which today is an integral part of the interdisciplinary diagnostic work-up and allows identification of an underlying genetic alteration in a significant subset of patients. Results of genetic testing may provide important prognostic information and subsequently support prospective therapeutic decisions. Furthermore, genetic forms of cortical malformations may be associated with a significantly increased recurrence risk for further siblings or other relatives and require genetic counselling of the family on individual risks and the options of prenatal or even preimplantation genetic diagnosis.