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Updated: May 31, 2026

Subcutaneous Injection of Human Colorectal Cancer Cells in Athymic Nude Mice to Evaluate Antitumor Efficacy
Published on: July 8, 2025
Colorectal cancer vaccines in clinical trials
Frank M Speetjens1, Eliane C M Zeestraten, Peter J K Kuppen
1Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
Abstract:
This article elucidates current strategies of active immunotherapy for colorectal cancer patients with a focus on T-cell mediated immunotherapy. Poor prognosis of especially stage III and IV colorectal cancer patients emphasizes the need for advanced therapeutic intervention. Here, we refer to clinical trials using either tumor cell-derived vaccines or tumor antigen vaccines with a special interest on safety, induced immune responses, clinical benefit and efforts to improve the clinical impact of these vaccines in the context of colorectal cancer treatment.
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