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Replication in Eukaryotes

Replication in Eukaryotes

Replication in Eukaryotes

Replication in Eukaryotes

Translesion DNA Polymerases

Translesion DNA Polymerases

Translesion (TLS) polymerases rescue stalled DNA polymerases at sites of damaged bases by replacing the replicative polymerase and installing a nucleotide across the damaged site. Doing so, TLS allows additional time for the cell to repair the damage before resuming regular DNA replication.
TLS polymerases are found in all three domains of life - archaea, bacteria, and eukaryotes. Of the different classes of TLS polymerases, members of the Y family are fitted with specialized structures that...

Eukaryotic RNA Polymerases

Eukaryotic RNA Polymerases

RNA Polymerase (RNAP) is conserved in all animals, with bacterial, archaeal, and eukaryotic RNAPs sharing significant sequence, structural, and functional similarities. Among the three eukaryotic RNAPs, RNA Polymerase II is most similar to bacterial RNAP in terms of both structural organization and folding topologies of the enzyme subunits. However, these similarities are not reflected in their mechanism of action.
All three eukaryotic RNAPs require specific transcription factors, of which the...

Replication in Eukaryotes

Replication in Eukaryotes

In eukaryotic cells, DNA replication is highly conserved and tightly regulated. Multiple linear chromosomes must be duplicated with high fidelity before cell division, so there are many proteins that fulfill specialized roles in the replication process. Replication occurs in three phases: initiation, elongation, and termination, and ends with two complete sets of chromosomes in the nucleus.
Many Proteins Orchestrate Replication at the Origin
Eukaryotic replication follows many of the same...

Replication in Eukaryotes

Replication in Eukaryotes

In eukaryotic cells, DNA replication is highly conserved and tightly regulated. Multiple linear chromosomes must be duplicated with high fidelity before cell division, so there are many proteins that fulfill specialized roles in the replication process. Replication occurs in three phases: initiation, elongation, and termination, and ends with two complete sets of chromosomes in the nucleus.
Many Proteins Orchestrate Replication at the Origin
Eukaryotic replication follows many of the same...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 13, 2026

Detection of Homologous Recombination Intermediates via Proximity Ligation and Quantitative PCR in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Detection of Homologous Recombination Intermediates via Proximity Ligation and Quantitative PCR in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Published on: September 11, 2022

A third essential DNA polymerase in S. cerevisiae.

A Morrison¹, H Araki, A B Clark

¹Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709.

|September 21, 1990

Summary

DNA polymerases I and III are vital for yeast survival. This study shows DNA polymerase II is also essential, challenging current eukaryotic DNA replication models.

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Single-Molecule Fluorescence Visualization of DNA Polymerase Dynamics at G-Quadruplexes

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Published on: April 4, 2025

Area of Science:

Molecular Biology
Genetics
Biochemistry

Background:

DNA polymerases I and III are known to be essential for the viability of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (yeast).
The role and essentiality of other nuclear DNA polymerases, such as DNA polymerase II, in yeast replication remain less understood.

Purpose of the Study:

To clone and analyze the POL2 gene, which encodes the catalytic subunit of yeast DNA polymerase II.
To determine the essentiality of DNA polymerase II for yeast cell viability and DNA replication.

Main Methods:

Gene cloning and analysis of POL2 in S. cerevisiae.
Transcript analysis to determine the size of the POL2 mRNA.
Protein sequence analysis to predict molecular weight and identify functional domains.
Gene disruption and deletion experiments to assess the impact on cell viability and DNA polymerase activity.

Main Results:

The POL2 gene was cloned and found to express a 7.5 kb transcript encoding a 255,649 Mr protein.
Partial disruption of POL2 resulted in viable cells with truncated DNA polymerase II activity.
Complete deletion of the POL2 reading frame led to inviability and characteristic DNA replication arrest morphology.
The N-terminal region of the predicted protein showed limited sequence similarity to other eukaryotic DNA polymerases.

Conclusions:

Three nuclear DNA polymerases (I, II, and III) are essential for S. cerevisiae viability.
DNA polymerase II plays a critical role in DNA replication, likely functioning as a replicase.
The essentiality of all three DNA polymerases as replicases challenges existing models of eukaryotic DNA replication.