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Related Concept Videos

siRNA - Small Interfering RNAs02:30

siRNA - Small Interfering RNAs

Small interfering RNAs, or siRNAs, are short regulatory RNA molecules that can silence genes post-transcriptionally, as well as the transcriptional level in some cases. siRNAs are important for protecting cells against viral infections and silencing transposable genetic elements.
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Experimental RNAi02:15

Experimental RNAi

RNA interference (RNAi) is a cellular mechanism that inhibits gene expression by suppressing its transcription or activating the RNA degradation process. The mechanism was discovered by Andrew Fire and Craig Mello in 1998 in plants. Today, it is observed in almost all eukaryotes, including protozoa, flies, nematodes, insects, parasites, and mammals. This precise cellular mechanism of gene silencing has been developed into a technique that provides an efficient way to identify and determine the...
Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming01:29

Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming

Reprogramming alters the gene expression in somatic cells, transforming them into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells over several generations. Scientists can reprogram cells by introducing genes for four transcription factors—Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc (OSKM) by viral or non-viral methods. These factors are also known as Yamanaka factors after Shinya Yamanaka, who first generated iPS cells using mouse skin cells. Yamanaka was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2012 for this...
MicroRNAs01:22

MicroRNAs

MicroRNA (miRNA) are short, regulatory RNA transcribed from introns—non-coding regions of a gene—or intergenic regions—stretches of DNA present between genes. Several processing steps are required to form biologically active, mature miRNA. The initial transcript, called primary miRNA (pri-mRNA), base-pairs with itself forming a stem-loop structure. Within the nucleus, an endonuclease enzyme, called Drosha, shortens the stem-loop structure into hairpin-shaped pre-miRNA. After the pre-miRNA ends...
MicroRNAs01:22

MicroRNAs

MicroRNA (miRNA) are short, regulatory RNA transcribed from introns (non-coding regions of a gene) or intergenic regions (stretches of DNA present between genes). Several processing steps are required to form biologically active, mature miRNA. The initial transcript, called primary miRNA (pri-mRNA), base-pairs with itself, forming a stem-loop structure. Within the nucleus, an endonuclease enzyme, called Drosha, shortens the stem-loop structure into hairpin-shaped pre-miRNA. After the pre-miRNA...
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RNA Interference

RNA interference (RNAi) is a process in which a small non-coding RNA molecule blocks the post-transcriptional expression of a gene by binding to its messenger RNA (mRNA) and preventing the protein from being translated.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 31, 2026

MicroRNA Expression Profiles of Human iPS Cells, Retinal Pigment Epithelium Derived From iPS, and Fetal Retinal Pigment Epithelium
10:19

MicroRNA Expression Profiles of Human iPS Cells, Retinal Pigment Epithelium Derived From iPS, and Fetal Retinal Pigment Epithelium

Published on: June 24, 2014

microRNAs modulate iPS cell generation.

Chao-Shun Yang1, Zhonghan Li, Tariq M Rana

  • 1Program for RNA Biology, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA.

RNA (New York, N.Y.)
|June 23, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Depleting specific microRNAs (miRNAs) like miR-21 and miR-29a enhances the reprogramming of mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) into induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). This finding reveals miRNA roles in overcoming cellular identity barriers for regenerative medicine.

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Differentiation of a Human Neural Stem Cell Line on Three Dimensional Cultures, Analysis of MicroRNA and Putative Target Genes
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Last Updated: May 31, 2026

MicroRNA Expression Profiles of Human iPS Cells, Retinal Pigment Epithelium Derived From iPS, and Fetal Retinal Pigment Epithelium
10:19

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Published on: June 24, 2014

Differentiation of a Human Neural Stem Cell Line on Three Dimensional Cultures, Analysis of MicroRNA and Putative Target Genes
10:48

Differentiation of a Human Neural Stem Cell Line on Three Dimensional Cultures, Analysis of MicroRNA and Putative Target Genes

Published on: April 12, 2015

Area of Science:

  • Stem Cell Biology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Epigenetics

Background:

  • Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) offer potential for regenerative medicine but reprogramming mechanisms remain unclear.
  • Overcoming barriers that maintain differentiated cell identity is crucial for efficient reprogramming.
  • MicroRNAs (miRNAs) regulate gene expression post-transcriptionally and are implicated in cell-specific functions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of specific microRNAs (miRNAs) in the reprogramming of mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs).
  • To identify miRNAs that act as barriers to reprogramming and explore their regulatory pathways.
  • To understand how c-Myc influences reprogramming through miRNA modulation.

Main Methods:

  • Depletion of specific miRNAs (miR-21, miR-29a) in MEFs.
  • Assessment of reprogramming efficiency.
  • Analysis of signaling pathways including p53 and ERK1/2.
  • Investigation of c-Myc's effect on miRNA expression.

Main Results:

  • Depletion of miR-21 and miR-29a significantly enhanced MEF reprogramming efficiency.
  • The p53 and ERK1/2 signaling pathways were identified as targets regulated by miR-21 and miR-29a during reprogramming.
  • c-Myc was shown to enhance reprogramming partly by repressing MEF-enriched miRNAs, including miR-21 and miR-29a.

Conclusions:

  • MicroRNA function is significant in regulating signaling networks essential for iPSC generation.
  • Targeting specific miRNAs can lower reprogramming barriers, facilitating iPSC production.
  • These findings pave the way for developing improved clinical reprogramming strategies for regenerative medicine.