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Related Concept Videos

Polyprotic Acids03:38

Polyprotic Acids

Acids are classified by the number of protons per molecule that they can give up in a reaction. Acids such as HCl, HNO3, and HCN that contain one ionizable hydrogen atom in each molecule are called monoprotic acids. Their reactions with water are:
Ionic Association01:28

Ionic Association

The ionic association is the association of oppositely charged ions in an electrolyte solution to form ion pairs. Bjerrum defined ion pairs as two oppositely charged ions whose electrostatic attraction exceeds the thermal energy of the system, typically expressed as 2kT. Electrostatic attraction depends on ionic charge, separation distance, and the dielectric constant of the medium. Thermal energy, represented by kT, reflects the tendency of ions to move independently due to molecular motion.
Valence Bond Theory02:42

Valence Bond Theory

Coordination compounds and complexes exhibit different colors, geometries, and magnetic behavior, depending on the metal atom/ion and ligands from which they are composed. In an attempt to explain the bonding and structure of coordination complexes, Linus Pauling proposed the valence bond theory, or VBT, using the concepts of hybridization and the overlapping of the atomic orbitals. According to VBT, the central metal atom or ion (Lewis acid) hybridizes to provide empty orbitals of suitable...
Ions as Acids and Bases02:54

Ions as Acids and Bases

Salts with Acidic Ions
Salts are ionic compounds composed of cations and anions, either of which may be capable of undergoing an acid or base ionization reaction with water. Aqueous salt solutions, therefore, may be acidic, basic, or neutral, depending on the relative acid-base strengths of the salt’s constituent ions. For example, dissolving the ammonium chloride in water results in its dissociation, as described by the equation:
Titration of a Polyprotic Acid02:08

Titration of a Polyprotic Acid

A polyprotic acid contains more than one ionizable hydrogen and undergoes a stepwise ionization process. If the acid dissociation constants of the ionizable protons differ sufficiently from each other, then the titration curve for such polyprotic acid generates a distinct equivalence point for each of its ionizable hydrogens. Therefore, titration of a diprotic acid results in the formation of two equivalence points, whereas the titration of a triprotic acid results in the formation of three...
Titration of Polyprotic Acids with a Strong Base01:23

Titration of Polyprotic Acids with a Strong Base

Titration of a polyprotic acid, which contains multiple ionizable protons, involves distinct dissociation steps, each with its own dissociation constant (Ka). Each successive Ka is weaker than the previous one. In the titration of a polyprotic acid like sulfurous acid with a strong base such as sodium hydroxide, the base first neutralizes the initial ionizable proton, forming an intermediate species (e.g., hydrogen sulfite ions). This step's titration curve resembles that of a weak monoprotic...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 31, 2026

Measuring Cation Transport by Na,K- and H,K-ATPase in Xenopus Oocytes by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry: An Alternative to Radioisotope Assays
12:48

Measuring Cation Transport by Na,K- and H,K-ATPase in Xenopus Oocytes by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry: An Alternative to Radioisotope Assays

Published on: February 19, 2013

Polyanions in molten KPb-a paradox explained?

T Arai1, L Pusztai, R L McGreevy

  • 1Department of Mathematics and Physics, National Defense Academy, Yokosuka 239, Japan.

Journal of Physics. Condensed Matter : an Institute of Physics Journal
|June 23, 2011
PubMed
Summary

New models reveal transient lead-based polyanions in liquid KPb. These

Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Physical Chemistry
  • Computational Chemistry

Background:

  • Understanding the structure of liquid alloys is crucial for predicting their properties.
  • The existence and nature of polyanionic species in liquid lead-potassium (KPb) alloys remain debated.
  • Zintl ions, such as Pb(4)(4-), are proposed structural units in these systems.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and utilize new structural models for liquid KPb.
  • To investigate the transient existence of Pb(4)(4-) polyanions ('Zintl' ions) in liquid KPb.
  • To reconcile theoretical models with existing experimental data.

Main Methods:

  • Development of novel structural models for liquid KPb.
  • Simulation of liquid KPb at high temperatures (873, 1473, and 1873 K).

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High Resolution Physical Characterization of Single Metallic Nanoparticles

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Last Updated: May 31, 2026

Measuring Cation Transport by Na,K- and H,K-ATPase in Xenopus Oocytes by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry: An Alternative to Radioisotope Assays
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Published on: February 19, 2013

Solid-state Graft Copolymer Electrolytes for Lithium Battery Applications
05:33

Solid-state Graft Copolymer Electrolytes for Lithium Battery Applications

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High Resolution Physical Characterization of Single Metallic Nanoparticles
09:56

High Resolution Physical Characterization of Single Metallic Nanoparticles

Published on: June 28, 2019

  • Analysis of structural configurations to identify polyanionic species.

    • Main Results:

    • The study presents new structural models for liquid KPb across a range of temperatures.
    • Evidence suggests the transient existence of Pb(4)(4-) polyanions.
    • These polyanionic groupings have a short timescale, estimated around 1 picosecond (ps).

    Conclusions:

    • The 'Zintl' ion, Pb(4)(4-), exists transiently in liquid KPb.
    • The proposed model is consistent with all available experimental observations.
    • This work clarifies the structural behavior of lead in liquid alkali metal alloys.