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Potential Due to a Magnetized Object

Potential Due to a Magnetized Object

Magnetic dipoles in magnetic materials are aligned when placed under an external magnetic field. For paramagnets and ferromagnets, dipole alignment occurs in the direction of the magnetic field. However, the dipoles align opposite to the field in the case of diamagnets. This state of magnetic polarization due to the external field is called magnetization. Magnetization is defined as the dipole moment per unit volume. It plays a similar role to polarization in electrostatics.
The vector...

Magnetostatic Boundary Conditions

Magnetostatic Boundary Conditions

An electric field suffers a discontinuity at a surface charge. Similarly, a magnetic field is discontinuous at a surface current. The perpendicular component of a magnetic field is continuous across the interface of two magnetic mediums. In contrast, its parallel component, perpendicular to the current, is discontinuous by the amount equal to the product of the vacuum permeability and the surface current. Like the scalar potential in electrostatics, the vector potential is also continuous...

Ferromagnetism

Ferromagnetism

Materials like iron, nickel, and cobalt consist of magnetic domains, within which the magnetic dipoles are arranged parallel to each other. The magnetic dipoles are rigidly aligned in the same direction within a domain by quantum mechanical coupling among the atoms. This coupling is so strong that even thermal agitation at room temperature cannot break it. The result is that each domain has a net dipole moment. However, some materials have weaker coupling, and are ferromagnetic at lower...

Diamagnetism

Diamagnetism

Materials consisting of paired electrons have zero net magnetic moments. However, when these materials are placed under an external magnetic field, the moments opposite to the field are induced. Such materials are called diamagnets. Diamagnetism is the response of the diamagnets when placed in an external magnetic field.
Diamagnetism was discovered by Anton Brugmans in 1778 when he observed that bismuth gets repelled by magnetic fields, thus theorizing that diamagnets get repelled by magnets.

Paramagnetism

Paramagnetism

Paramagnets are materials with unpaired electrons that possess a finite magnetic moment. In the absence of a magnetic field, these moments are randomly oriented, and thus the net moment is zero. Under an external field, a torque acting on the moments tends to align them along the field's direction. However, the random thermal motion of electrons produces a torque opposite to the external field and tries to disorient the moments. These two competing effects align only a few moments along the...

Magnetic Susceptibility and Permeability

Magnetic Susceptibility and Permeability

In linear magnetic materials, like paramagnets and diamagnets, magnetization is proportional to the magnetic field intensity. The constant of proportionality, a dimensionless number, is called magnetic susceptibility. The value of the susceptibility depends on the type of material.
When diamagnetic materials are placed under an external magnetic field, the moments opposite to the field are induced. Hence, the susceptibility for diamagnets has a minimal negative value of 10-5–10-6. Since...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 31, 2026

Magnetically Induced Rotating Rayleigh-Taylor Instability

Magnetically Induced Rotating Rayleigh-Taylor Instability

Published on: March 3, 2017

Magnetization of two-dimensional magnetic fluids.

T Kristóf¹, I Szalai

¹Institute of Chemistry, Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Pannonia, H-8201 Veszprém, PO Box 158, Hungary.

Journal of Physics. Condensed Matter : an Institute of Physics Journal

|June 23, 2011

Summary

Polydispersity impacts magnetization in 2D dipolar systems. Analytical theory and simulations show good agreement for magnetization in monodisperse and polydisperse systems.

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Last Updated: May 31, 2026

Magnetically Induced Rotating Rayleigh-Taylor Instability

Magnetically Induced Rotating Rayleigh-Taylor Instability

Published on: March 3, 2017

Optimizing Magnetic Force Microscopy Resolution and Sensitivity to Visualize Nanoscale Magnetic Domains

Optimizing Magnetic Force Microscopy Resolution and Sensitivity to Visualize Nanoscale Magnetic Domains

Published on: July 20, 2022

Area of Science:

Condensed Matter Physics
Statistical Mechanics
Materials Science

Background:

Understanding the magnetic properties of two-dimensional (2D) systems is crucial for developing advanced magnetic materials and devices.
Polydispersity, the variation in particle size, can significantly alter the bulk properties of magnetic systems, but its influence on 2D dipolar systems requires further investigation.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the effect of polydispersity on the magnetization of 2D dipolar discs with short-range repulsive interactions.
To develop an analytical model for predicting magnetization in both monodisperse and polydisperse 2D systems.

Main Methods:

Utilized Monte Carlo simulations to model the behavior of 2D dipolar discs.
Employed high-field approximation perturbation theory to derive analytical expressions for magnetization.
Compared theoretical predictions with simulation data to validate the models.

Main Results:

An analytical expression for magnetization was successfully derived within the perturbation theory framework.
The derived theoretical predictions showed good agreement with the results obtained from Monte Carlo simulations.
Demonstrated the influence of polydispersity on the overall magnetization of the studied 2D systems.

Conclusions:

The study successfully models the magnetization of 2D dipolar discs, accounting for polydispersity.
The combination of Monte Carlo simulations and perturbation theory provides a reliable approach for studying such systems.
Findings contribute to a deeper understanding of magnetic phenomena in disordered 2D materials.