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Related Concept Videos

Solubility03:00

Solubility

Solution, Solubility, and Solubility Equilibrium
A solution is a homogeneous mixture composed of a solvent, the major component, and a solute, the minor component. The physical state of a solution—solid, liquid, or gas—is typically the same as that of the solvent. Solute concentrations are often described with qualitative terms such as dilute (of relatively low concentration) and concentrated (of relatively high concentration).
In a solution, the solute particles (molecules, atoms, and/or ions)...
Physical Properties Affecting Solubility02:19

Physical Properties Affecting Solubility

Solutions of Gases in Liquids
As for any solution, the solubility of a gas in a liquid is affected by the attractive intermolecular forces between solute and solvent species. Unlike solid and liquid solutes, however, there is no solute-solute intermolecular attraction to overcome when a gaseous solute dissolves in a liquid solvent since the atoms or molecules comprising a gas are far separated and experience negligible interactions. Consequently, solute-solvent interactions are the sole...
Intermolecular Forces in Solutions02:28

Intermolecular Forces in Solutions

The formation of a solution is an example of a spontaneous process, a process that occurs under specified conditions without energy from some external source.
When the strengths of the intermolecular forces of attraction between solute and solvent species in a solution are no different than those present in the separated components, the solution is formed with no accompanying energy change. Such a solution is called an ideal solution. A mixture of ideal gases (or gases such as helium and argon,...
Solvating Effects02:12

Solvating Effects

An understanding of the solvating effect helps rationalize the relation between solvation and acidity of the compound. In addition, this also explains the relative stability of conjugate bases for compounds with different pKa values. This lesson details, in-depth, the principle of solvating effects. The strength of an acid and the stability of its corresponding conjugate base are determined using pKa values. This observed relationship is a consequence of solvation, which is the interaction...
Chemical and Solubility Equilibria02:21

Chemical and Solubility Equilibria

The free energy change associated with dissolving a solute in a liter of solvent is called the free energy of a solution, ΔGsolution. The overall ΔGsolution is expressed as the balance of ΔGinteraction against the always-favorable free-energy of mixing, ΔGmixing. Solution formation is favorable if  ΔGsolution is less than zero, whereas it is unfavorable if ΔGsolution is greater than zero. In short, for a solution to form and complete dissolution to take place, the Gibbs energy change must be...
Factors Affecting Solubility04:01

Factors Affecting Solubility

Compared with pure water, the solubility of an ionic compound is less in aqueous solutions containing a common ion (one also produced by dissolution of the ionic compound). This is an example of a phenomenon known as the common ion effect, which is a consequence of the law of mass action that may be explained using Le Chȃtelier’s principle. Consider the dissolution of silver iodide:

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Molecular Entanglement and Electrospinnability of Biopolymers
07:59

Molecular Entanglement and Electrospinnability of Biopolymers

Published on: September 3, 2014

Solvent effects on starch dissolution and gelatinization.

Nagamani Koganti1, John R Mitchell, Roger N Ibbett

  • 1Division of Food Sciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE12 5RD, United Kingdom.

Biomacromolecules
|June 24, 2011
PubMed
Summary

This study investigated how maize starch dissolves in N-methyl morpholine N-oxide (NMMO). Starch granules fully dissolved at high NMMO concentrations, showing viscous behavior, while lower concentrations induced gelatinization.

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Area of Science:

  • Food Science
  • Materials Science
  • Polymer Chemistry

Background:

  • Starch's granular structure influences its functional properties.
  • Understanding starch dissolution is key for processing applications.
  • N-methyl morpholine N-oxide (NMMO) is a solvent used for polysaccharide dissolution.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the disruption of maize starch granular structure in varying NMMO concentrations.
  • To characterize the behavior of starches with different amylose/amylopectin ratios in NMMO.
  • To correlate thermal, morphological, and rheological properties during starch dissolution.

Main Methods:

  • Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) for thermal transitions.
  • Hot Stage Microscopy for visual observation of granule dissolution and gelatinization.
  • Rapid Viscosity Analysis (RVA) for viscosity changes.
  • Rheometry (Mechanical Spectroscopy) to determine viscoelastic properties (G' and G″).

Main Results:

  • Exothermic transitions observed at 78% and 70% NMMO, shifting to endothermic at 60% and 50% NMMO.
  • Microscopy confirmed granule dissolution at 78% and 70% NMMO, and gelatinization at 60% and 50% NMMO.
  • Viscous behavior (G″ > G') dominated at high NMMO concentrations (70-78%), while elastic behavior (G' > G″) was observed at lower concentrations.

Conclusions:

  • NMMO concentration significantly impacts starch structure, dissolution, and viscoelastic properties.
  • High NMMO concentrations (≥70%) lead to complete starch dissolution and homogeneous solutions, obeying the Cox-Merz rule.
  • Lower NMMO concentrations (≤60%) induce gelatinization, similar to starch in water, indicating incomplete dissolution.