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Ankle Joint

Ankle Joint

The ankle is formed by the talocrural joint (crural = leg). It consists of the articulations between the talus bone of the foot and the distal ends of the tibia and fibula of the leg. The superior aspect of the talus bone is square-shaped and has three areas of articulation. The top of the talus articulates with the inferior tibia. This is the portion of the ankle joint that carries the body weight between the leg and foot. The sides of the talus are firmly held in position by the articulations...

Muscles of the Leg that Move the Foot and Toes

Muscles of the Leg that Move the Foot and Toes

The human leg comprises an intricate system of muscles that facilitate the movement of feet and toes. Within this system, the muscles are categorized into the anterior, lateral, and posterior compartments, each with a unique set of muscles carrying out specific functions.
Anterior Compartment
The anterior compartment includes muscles that contribute to the dorsiflexion of the foot. This compartment houses the tibialis anterior, extensor hallucis longus, and extensor digitorum longus muscles.

Bones of the Lower Limb: Tibia and Fibula

Bones of the Lower Limb: Tibia and Fibula

The tibia is the main weight-bearing bone of the lower leg. It is larger than the fibula with which it is paired. The tibia is also the second longest bone in the body and is located right below the skin. The proximal end of the tibia forms the medial and the lateral condyle, which articulates with the condyles of the femur to form the knee joint. Between the articulating surfaces is the irregular elevated area known as the intercondylar eminence that serves as the inferior attachment point for...

Muscles that Move the Leg

Muscles that Move the Leg

The movement of the legs is facilitated by numerous muscles located within the anterior, medial, and posterior compartments of the thigh.
Anterior Compartment
The quadriceps femoris, the most visible muscle of the anterior compartment, is integral for leg extension and thigh flexion. It is formed by merging four distinct muscles — the vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, vastus intermedius, and rectus femoris. The quadriceps tendon, a shared tendon of the four quadriceps muscles, is affixed to...

Bones of the Lower Limb: Femur and Patella

Bones of the Lower Limb: Femur and Patella

The femur is the body's longest and strongest bone spanning the thigh region. Its head articulates with the acetabulum of the hip bone to form the hip joint. A minor indentation on the medial side of the femoral head, called the fovea capitis, serves as the site of attachment for the ligament of the head of the femur. This weak ligament spans the femur and acetabulum and supports the hip joint. The narrowed region below the head is the neck of the femur. The inclination angle between the neck...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 31, 2026

A Mouse Model of Ankle-Subtalar Complex Joint Instability

A Mouse Model of Ankle-Subtalar Complex Joint Instability

Published on: October 28, 2022

Peroneus quartus and functional ankle instability.

G Lotito¹, J Pruvost, H Collado

¹Pôle intersites de médecine physique et de réadaptation médecine et traumatologie du sport, hôpital La Timone, Marseille, France. guillaume.lotito@ap-hm.fr

Annals of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine

|June 24, 2011

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

A rare bilateral peroneus quartus muscle can cause chronic ankle instability, especially when peroneus brevis and longus muscles show weakness despite training. This anatomical variation may lead to functional ankle instability.

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Evaluating Postural Control and Lower-extremity Muscle Activation in Individuals with Chronic Ankle Instability

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Published on: September 18, 2020

Area of Science:

Anatomy
Orthopedics
Sports Medicine

Background:

Chronic functional ankle instability is common in physical and rehabilitation medicine.
The peroneus brevis and peroneus longus muscles are key to ankle stability.
Anatomical variations, like the peroneus quartus muscle, can contribute to instability.

Observation:

A 26-year-old patient presented with recurrent lateral ankle sprains and bilateral hyperlaxity.
Clinical examination revealed bilateral peroneus muscle weakness.
Imaging confirmed a supernumerary bilateral peroneus quartus muscle.

Findings:

The incidence of a supernumerary peroneus quartus muscle ranges from 0% to 21.7%.
While often asymptomatic, this muscle can be linked to chronic ankle pain and instability.
A potential cause of instability is the 'overcrowding effect' within the peroneal sheath.

Implications:

This case highlights the importance of considering anatomical variations in chronic ankle instability.
The peroneus quartus muscle may impact the function of peroneus brevis and longus muscles.
Further research is needed to understand the biomechanical effects of this muscle variation.