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Additional Subnuclear Structures

Additional Subnuclear Structures

The eukaryotic nucleus is a double membrane-bound organelle that contains nearly all of the cell’s genetic material in the form of chromosomes. It is rightly called the “brain” of the cell as it shoulders the responsibility of responding to various physiological processes, stress, altered metabolic conditions, and other cellular signals.
The nucleus contains many membrane-less subnuclear organelles or nuclear bodies, such as nucleoli, Cajal bodies, speckles, paraspeckles, etc. These nuclear...

The Nucleolus

The Nucleolus

The nucleolus is the most prominent substructure of the nucleus. When it was first discovered, it was considered to be an isolated organelle that forms fibrils and granules. In 1931, the relationship between the nucleolus and chromosomes was first described by Heitz. He observed that the appearance and size of nucleolus varies depending on the stage of the cell cycle. He also noticed constricted regions on different chromosomes clustered together at definite cell cycle stages. These regions,...

The Nucleolus

The Nucleolus

The nucleolus is the most prominent substructure of the nucleus. When it was first discovered, it was considered to be an isolated organelle that forms fibrils and granules. In 1931, the relationship between the nucleolus and chromosomes was first described by Heitz. He observed that the appearance and size of nucleolus varies depending on the stage of the cell cycle. He also noticed constricted regions on different chromosomes clustered together at definite cell cycle stages. These regions,...

The Nucleus

The Nucleus

The nucleus is a membrane-bound organelle that acts as a control center in a eukaryotic cell. It contains chromosomal DNA, which controls gene expression and precisely regulates the production of proteins within the cell. In contrast, the DNA inside the mitochondria and chloroplast only carries out functions that are specific to those organelles.
Arrangement of DNA within Nucleus
The regulation of gene expression inside the nucleus is dependent on many factors, including the DNA structure. The...

The Nucleus

The Nucleus

The nucleus is a membrane-bound organelle that acts as a control center in a eukaryotic cell. It contains chromosomal DNA, which controls gene expression and precisely regulates the production of proteins within the cell. In contrast, the DNA inside the mitochondria and chloroplast only carries out functions that are specific to those organelles.
Arrangement of DNA within Nucleus
The regulation of gene expression inside the nucleus is dependent on many factors, including the DNA structure. The...

Nucleoid

Nucleoid

The nucleoid represents a structurally and functionally distinct region within prokaryotic cells, where the cell's DNA and associated proteins are housed. Unlike eukaryotic cells, prokaryotes lack a membrane-bound nucleus, and the nucleoid facilitates the organization and accessibility of the genetic material within this constraint. The DNA in most bacteria and archaea exists as a single, circular, double-stranded molecule that is highly compacted through supercoiling and interactions with...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 31, 2026

RNA-Associated Chromatin DNA-DNA Interaction Method

RNA-Associated Chromatin DNA-DNA Interaction Method

Published on: April 30, 2026

An intranucleolar body associated with rDNA.

Saskia Hutten¹, Alan Prescott, John James

¹Wellcome Trust Centre for Gene Regulation and Expression, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, UK.

|June 24, 2011

Summary

Researchers discovered a new region within the nucleolus, the intranucleolar body (INB), which contains proteins involved in DNA maintenance and RNA metabolism. INBs are linked to ribosomal DNA (rDNA) regulation and are influenced by DNA damage.

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Area of Science:

Cell Biology
Molecular Biology
Genetics

Background:

The nucleolus is a key subnuclear organelle essential for ribosome biogenesis and cellular stress sensing.
It is organized into distinct subcompartments: fibrillar centre, dense fibrillar component, and granular component.
Ribosomal DNA (rDNA) forms the structural basis for nucleolus formation.

Purpose of the Study:

To identify and characterize a novel intranucleolar subcompartment.
To determine the protein composition and function of this newly identified region.
To investigate the role of this region in response to cellular stress and DNA damage.

Main Methods:

Immunofluorescence microscopy to visualize protein localization within the nucleolus.
Biochemical fractionation and mass spectrometry to identify protein components.
Analysis of nucleolar structure and intranucleolar body formation under various cellular conditions, including DNA damage.
Co-localization studies with rDNA and heterochromatin markers.

Main Results:

A previously uncharacterized intranucleolar region, termed the intranucleolar body (INB), was identified.
21 protein factors, including those involved in DNA maintenance, protein turnover, RNA metabolism, and SUMOylation, were localized to the INB.
The size and number of INBs increase in response to specific DNA damage, dependent on nucleolar integrity.
INBs are found in proximity to heterochromatic rDNA in unstressed cells during S phase.

Conclusions:

The intranucleolar body (INB) represents a distinct functional subcompartment within the nucleolus.
INBs are implicated in the regulation of rDNA transcription and/or maintenance.
The formation and modulation of INBs are linked to cellular responses to DNA damage and cell cycle progression.