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Related Concept Videos

Next-generation Sequencing03:00

Next-generation Sequencing

The first human genome sequencing project cost $2.7 billion and was declared complete in 2003, after 15 years of international cooperation and collaboration between several research teams and funding agencies. Today, with the advent of next-generation sequencing technologies, the cost and time of sequencing a human genome have dropped over 100 fold.
Next-Generation Sequencing Methods
Although all next-generation methods use different technologies, they all share a set of standard features.
Sanger Sequencing01:57

Sanger Sequencing

DNA sequencing is a fundamental technique that is routinely used in the biological sciences. This method can be applied to a range of questions at different scales - from the sequencing of a cloned DNA fragment or the study of a mutation in a gene up to whole-genome sequencing. However, despite the widespread use of sequencing today, it was not until 1977 that Fredrick Sanger and his collaborators developed the chain-termination method to decode DNA sequences. It relies on the separation of a...
RNA-seq03:21

RNA-seq

RNA sequencing, or RNA-Seq, is a high-throughput sequencing technology used to study the transcriptome of a cell. Transcriptomics helps to interpret the functional elements of a genome and identify the molecular constituents of an organism. Additionally, it also helps in understanding the development of an organism and the occurrence of diseases. 
Before the discovery of RNA-seq, microarray-based methods and Sanger sequencing were used for transcriptome analysis. However, while microarray-based...
Maxam-Gilbert Sequencing01:05

Maxam-Gilbert Sequencing

In the same year as the discovery of the Sanger sequencing method, another group of scientists, Allan Maxam and Walter Gilbert, demonstrated their chemical-cleavage method for DNA sequencing. The Maxam-Gilbert method relies on using different chemicals that can cleave the DNA sequence at specific sites, the separation of resulting DNA fragments of variable size using electrophoresis, and deciphering the DNA sequence from the resulting gel bands.
Challenges of the Maxam-Gilbert Method
The...
Genomics02:02

Genomics

Genomics is the science of genomes: it is the study of all the genetic material of an organism. In humans, the genome consists of information carried in 23 pairs of chromosomes in the nucleus, as well as mitochondrial DNA. In genomics, both coding and non-coding DNA is sequenced and analyzed. Genomics allows a better understanding of all living things, their evolution, and their diversity. It has a myriad of uses: for example, to build phylogenetic trees, to improve productivity and...
Genome Annotation and Assembly03:36

Genome Annotation and Assembly

The genome refers to all of the genetic material in an organism. It can range from a few million base pairs in microbial cells to several billion base pairs in many eukaryotic organisms. Genome assembly refers to the process of taking the DNA sequencing data and putting it all back together in a correct order to create a close representation of the original genome. This is followed by the identification of functional elements on the newly assembled genome, a process called genome annotation.

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Updated: May 31, 2026

Next-generation Sequencing of 16S Ribosomal RNA Gene Amplicons
10:24

Next-generation Sequencing of 16S Ribosomal RNA Gene Amplicons

Published on: August 29, 2014

Sequencing technologies and genome sequencing.

Chandra Shekhar Pareek1, Rafal Smoczynski, Andrzej Tretyn

  • 1Laboratory of Functional Genomics, Institute of General and Molecular Biology, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Torun, Poland. pareekcs@umk.pl

Journal of Applied Genetics
|June 24, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

High-throughput next-generation sequencing (HT-NGS) revolutionizes human and animal genomics. These advanced technologies offer massive data output, making personal genome sequencing at $1,000 feasible soon.

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Last Updated: May 31, 2026

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Sequencing of mRNA from Whole Blood using Nanopore Sequencing
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Targeted Next-generation Sequencing and Bioinformatics Pipeline to Evaluate Genetic Determinants of Constitutional Disease

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Area of Science:

  • Genomics
  • Bioinformatics
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • High-throughput next-generation sequencing (HT-NGS) has dramatically increased data output compared to Sanger sequencing.
  • The cost of sequencing individual genomes is approaching $1,000, driven by technological advancements.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the key features, platforms, and applications of HT-NGS technologies in human and animal genomics.
  • To discuss the evolution from first-generation sequencers to second and third-generation HT-NGS platforms.
  • To explore the future perspectives of sequencing technologies in genome research.

Main Methods:

  • Review of first, second, and third-generation HT-NGS platforms (e.g., Heliscope™, SMRT™, RNAP, Nanopore).
  • Analysis of various genomic applications enabled by HT-NGS.
  • Comparison of second and third-generation sequencing platform capabilities.

Main Results:

  • HT-NGS technologies have revolutionized genome research since 2005.
  • Applications include ChIP-seq, RNA-seq, genotyping, structural variation analysis, and disease detection.
  • Third-generation platforms offer advanced capabilities like single-molecule sequencing.

Conclusions:

  • HT-NGS is transforming human and animal genomics research.
  • The feasibility of affordable personal genome sequencing is imminent.
  • Continued advancements promise further breakthroughs in genomic applications.