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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 31, 2026

Near-Infrared Temperature Measurement Technique for Water Surrounding an Induction-heated Small Magnetic Sphere

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Published on: April 30, 2018

Nonequilibrium electromagnetic fluctuations: heat transfer and interactions.

Matthias Krüger¹, Thorsten Emig, Mehran Kardar

¹Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Physics, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.

Physical Review Letters

|June 25, 2011

Summary

This study extends Casimir force calculations to non-equilibrium scenarios with varying temperatures. It introduces a scattering-based formalism for heat transfer and Casimir forces between objects, validated for sphere-plate systems.

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Last Updated: May 31, 2026

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Area of Science:

Thermodynamics
Quantum Field Theory
Electromagnetism

Background:

The Casimir force, typically studied in equilibrium, is linked to scattering phenomena.
Extending these concepts to non-equilibrium conditions with thermal gradients is crucial for understanding complex physical systems.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop a formalism for calculating heat transfer and Casimir forces in non-equilibrium systems with differing temperatures.
To analyze the polarized nature of radiation from objects like cylinders.
To validate the proximity transfer approximation for heat transfer between a sphere and a plate.

Main Methods:

Utilizing a scattering-based approach to model radiation and its interactions between bodies.
Tracking thermal radiation emitted and scattered by individual objects in a multi-body system.
Applying the formalism to specific geometries, including a cylinder and a sphere-plate configuration.

Main Results:

A generalized formalism for non-equilibrium Casimir forces and heat transfer is established.
The polarized characteristics of radiation from a cylinder are analyzed.
The proximity transfer approximation is shown to be valid for sphere-plate heat transfer at close separations and various temperatures.

Conclusions:

The scattering formalism provides a unified framework for equilibrium and non-equilibrium Casimir effects and heat transfer.
The study confirms the applicability of approximations under specific conditions, advancing the understanding of thermal phenomena in nanoscale systems.