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Related Concept Videos

Brain Imaging01:14

Brain Imaging

Brain imaging technologies provide critical insights into both the structure and function of the human brain, enabling medical professionals and researchers to diagnose, study, and treat neurological disorders or psychiatric disorders more effectively.
These technologies include computerized axial tomography (CAT or CT scans), positron-emission tomography (PET scans),  magnetic resonance imaging (MRI),  functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), and Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS).
Functional Brain Systems: Limbic System01:15

Functional Brain Systems: Limbic System

The limbic system, often called the "emotional brain," is a complex set of structures located deep within the brain. The intricate network of the limbic system supports a wide range of psychological functions, from emotional regulation to memory formation and sensory processing. This functional brain region encompasses specific parts of the diencephalon and the cerebrum, integrating the higher mental functions of the cerebral cortex with the primitive emotional responses of the deep brain...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 31, 2026

Probing the Brain in Autism Using fMRI and Diffusion Tensor Imaging
12:21

Probing the Brain in Autism Using fMRI and Diffusion Tensor Imaging

Published on: September 12, 2011

Basal forebrain involvement in low-functioning autistic children: a voxel-based morphometry study.

D Riva1, S Bulgheroni, D Aquino

  • 1Division of Developmental Neurology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico C. Besta, Milan, Italy. driva@istituto-besta.it

AJNR. American Journal of Neuroradiology
|June 25, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study found reduced gray matter volume in the basal forebrain of autistic children with developmental delay. This brain region is crucial for social behavior and communication skills.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroimaging
  • Developmental Neuroscience
  • Autism Spectrum Disorder Research

Background:

  • Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is characterized by impairments in social interaction, communication, and adaptive behaviors.
  • Previous imaging studies indicate brain abnormalities in regions associated with these impaired functions in individuals with ASD.
  • Developmental Delay (DD) often co-occurs with ASD, potentially influencing observed neuroanatomical differences.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate brain structural differences in children with ASD and co-occurring DD using Voxel-Based Morphometry (VBM).
  • To identify specific brain regions exhibiting gray matter (GM) or white matter (WM) volume differences between autistic children with DD and typically developing controls.

Main Methods:

  • VBM whole-brain analysis was conducted on 21 children with ASD and DD (aged 3-10 years) and 21 matched controls.
  • Diagnostic confirmation for ASD was based on DSM-IV criteria, Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule-Generic, and Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised.
  • VBM data were analyzed, covarying for intelligence quotient, age, and total brain volume.

Main Results:

  • Reduced regional GM volume was observed symmetrically in the basal forebrain, accumbens nucleus, cerebellar hemispheres, and perisylvian regions (insula, putamen) in children with ASD and DD.
  • Asymmetric GM involvement was noted in frontal lobe areas connected to the basal forebrain.
  • No significant differences in regional WM, total brain volume, GM, or WM were found between the groups.

Conclusions:

  • The study identified reduced GM volume in the basal forebrain and connected areas as a novel finding in children with ASD and DD.
  • This basal forebrain system is implicated in social behavior, communication, and cognitive functions.
  • Further research is needed to determine if basal forebrain involvement is specific to ASD or associated with the co-occurring DD.