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Related Concept Videos

Epigenetic Regulation01:46

Epigenetic Regulation

Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in healthy development. Conversely, precisely regulated epigenetic mechanisms are disrupted in diseases like cancer.
Epigenetic Regulation01:37

Epigenetic Regulation

Epigenetic changes alter the physical structure of the DNA without changing the genetic sequence and often regulate whether genes are turned on or off. This regulation ensures that each cell produces only proteins necessary for its function. For example, proteins that promote bone growth are not produced in muscle cells. Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in healthy development. Conversely, precisely regulated epigenetic mechanisms are disrupted in diseases like cancer.
X-chromosome...
Histone Modification02:32

Histone Modification

The histone proteins have a flexible N-terminal tail extending out from the nucleosome. These histone tails are often subjected to post-translational modifications such as acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination. Particular combinations of these modifications form “histone codes” that influence the chromatin folding and tissue-specific gene expression.
Acetylation
The enzyme histone acetyltransferase adds acetyl group to the histones. Another enzyme, histone deacetylase,...
Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells01:32

Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells

Chromatin modification alters gene expression; therefore, scientists can add histone-modifying enzymes, histone variants, and chromatin remodeling complexes to somatic cells to aid reprogramming into pluripotent stem (iPS) cells.
Compact chromatin makes reprogramming difficult. Enzymes, such as histone demethylases and acetyltransferases, are often added during reprogramming to loosen the chromatin, making the DNA more accessible to transcription factors. Molecules that inhibit histone...
Inheritance of Chromatin Structures03:17

Inheritance of Chromatin Structures

Epigenetics is the study of inherited changes in a cell's phenotype without changing the DNA sequences. It provides a form of memory for the differential gene expression pattern to maintain cell lineage, position-effect variegation, dosage compensation, and maintenance of chromatin structures such as telomeres and centromeres. For example, the structure and location of the centromere on chromosomes are epigenetically inherited. Its functionality is not dictated or ensured by the underlying DNA...
Master Transcription Regulators02:23

Master Transcription Regulators

Master transcription regulators are regulatory proteins that are predominantly responsible for regulating the expression of multiple genes. Often these genes work in concert to drive a  complex process. Activation of a master transcription regulator can lead to a cascade of transcriptional activation necessary for that outcome. These regulators can directly bind to the regulatory sequences of the various genes involved, or they can indirectly regulate transcription by binding to regulatory...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 31, 2026

Immunostaining for DNA Modifications: Computational Analysis of Confocal Images
09:42

Immunostaining for DNA Modifications: Computational Analysis of Confocal Images

Published on: September 7, 2017

DNA methylation status predicts cell type-specific enhancer activity.

Malgorzata Wiench1, Sam John, Songjoon Baek

  • 1Center for Cancer Research, Laboratory of Receptor Biology and Gene Expression, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA.

The EMBO Journal
|June 25, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Glucocorticoid receptor (GR) binding sites in DNA are linked to tissue-specific gene regulation. DNA methylation patterns influence chromatin accessibility and GR interactions, impacting gene expression.

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Enhanced Reduced Representation Bisulfite Sequencing for Assessment of DNA Methylation at Base Pair Resolution
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Last Updated: May 31, 2026

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Continuous Fluorescence-Based Endonuclease-Coupled DNA Methylation Assay to Screen for DNA Methyltransferase Inhibitors
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Enhanced Reduced Representation Bisulfite Sequencing for Assessment of DNA Methylation at Base Pair Resolution
13:47

Enhanced Reduced Representation Bisulfite Sequencing for Assessment of DNA Methylation at Base Pair Resolution

Published on: February 24, 2015

Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Epigenetics
  • Genomics

Background:

  • Cell-selective glucocorticoid receptor (GR) binding at regulatory elements correlates with cell type-specific chromatin accessibility.
  • These accessible regions are either pre-programmed or induced by the receptor (de novo).
  • Mechanisms governing these sites remain unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Investigate the role of DNA methylation in maintaining cell-type-specific chromatin accessibility.
  • Characterize the differences between pre-programmed and de novo GR-binding elements.
  • Determine how DNA methylation influences GR-DNA interactions and gene regulation.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of CpG density in pre-programmed and de novo GR-binding elements.
  • Assessment of chromatin accessibility and methylation status.
  • In vitro assays examining GR-DNA interactions with methylated CpGs.

Main Results:

  • Pre-programmed elements show high CpG density and are demethylated, maintaining open chromatin.
  • De novo elements have low CpG density and are sensitive to methylation changes induced by glucocorticoids.
  • Methylation at critical CpG sites can directly impact GR-DNA binding.

Conclusions:

  • DNA methylation is a key factor in tissue-specific chromatin accessibility and gene regulation by nuclear receptors.
  • Distinct methylation patterns characterize pre-programmed versus de novo GR-binding enhancers.
  • DNA methylation dynamically regulates transcription factor binding and gene expression.