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Related Concept Videos

Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming01:29

Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming

Reprogramming alters the gene expression in somatic cells, transforming them into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells over several generations. Scientists can reprogram cells by introducing genes for four transcription factors—Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc (OSKM) by viral or non-viral methods. These factors are also known as Yamanaka factors after Shinya Yamanaka, who first generated iPS cells using mouse skin cells. Yamanaka was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2012 for this...
Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming01:24

Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming

Nuclear reprogramming is a process of transforming one cell type into an unrelated cell type by epigenetic changes that alter the cell’s original gene expression pattern. Such epigenetic changes force cells to express a different set of genes, which play a significant role in inducing transformation into other cell types. Nuclear reprogramming offers applications in reproductive cloning for livestock propagation and regenerative medicine — developing patient-specific cells for injury repair.
Introduction to Nuclear Reprogramming01:14

Introduction to Nuclear Reprogramming

Nuclear reprogramming is the process of switching gene expression of one cell type to that of another cell type, usually from a differentiated cell state to an undifferentiated cell state. Differentiation occurs during processes such as development and morphogenesis, tissue regeneration, and malignancy. Cells can also be artificially induced to reprogram their gene expression by techniques such as nuclear transfer, induced pluripotency, and cell fusion. Such techniques have many applications in...
Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells01:32

Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells

Chromatin modification alters gene expression; therefore, scientists can add histone-modifying enzymes, histone variants, and chromatin remodeling complexes to somatic cells to aid reprogramming into pluripotent stem (iPS) cells.
Compact chromatin makes reprogramming difficult. Enzymes, such as histone demethylases and acetyltransferases, are often added during reprogramming to loosen the chromatin, making the DNA more accessible to transcription factors. Molecules that inhibit histone...
Forced Transdifferentiation01:28

Forced Transdifferentiation

Transdifferentiation, also known as lineage reprogramming, was first discovered by Selman and Kafatos in 1974 in silkmoths. They observed that the moths’ cuticle-producing cells transformed into salt-producing cells. Many such cases of natural transdifferentiation occur in organisms. In humans, pancreatic alpha cells can become beta cells. In newts, the loss of the eye’s lens causes the pigmented epithelial cells to transdifferentiate into the lens cells.
Artificial transdifferentiation occurs...
Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells01:06

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that divide and produce different cell types. Ordinarily, cells that have differentiated into a specific cell type are terminally differentiated; however, scientists have found a way to reprogram these mature cells so that they dedifferentiate and return to an unspecialized, proliferative state. These cells are pluripotent like embryonic stem cells—able to produce all cell types—and are called induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs).
Somatic cells are...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 31, 2026

Isolation of Adult Human Dermal Fibroblasts from Abdominal Skin and Generation of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Using a Non-Integrating Method
10:52

Isolation of Adult Human Dermal Fibroblasts from Abdominal Skin and Generation of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Using a Non-Integrating Method

Published on: January 19, 2020

Cellular reprogramming of somatic cells.

Huseyin Sumer1, Jun Liu, Paul J Verma

  • 1Centre for Reproduction and Development, Monash Institute of Medical Research, Monash University, 27-31 Wright Street, Clayton VIC 3168, Australia.

Indian Journal of Experimental Biology
|June 28, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Cell reprogramming can be achieved through various methods, including nuclear transfer and induced pluripotent stem cells. Newer techniques allow direct lineage-specific reprogramming without de-differentiation.

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De Novo Generation of Somatic Stem Cells by YAP/TAZ
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De Novo Generation of Somatic Stem Cells by YAP/TAZ

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In vivo Reprogramming of Adult Somatic Cells to Pluripotency by Overexpression of Yamanaka Factors
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In vivo Reprogramming of Adult Somatic Cells to Pluripotency by Overexpression of Yamanaka Factors

Published on: December 17, 2013

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Last Updated: May 31, 2026

Isolation of Adult Human Dermal Fibroblasts from Abdominal Skin and Generation of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Using a Non-Integrating Method
10:52

Isolation of Adult Human Dermal Fibroblasts from Abdominal Skin and Generation of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Using a Non-Integrating Method

Published on: January 19, 2020

De Novo Generation of Somatic Stem Cells by YAP/TAZ
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De Novo Generation of Somatic Stem Cells by YAP/TAZ

Published on: May 7, 2018

In vivo Reprogramming of Adult Somatic Cells to Pluripotency by Overexpression of Yamanaka Factors
12:12

In vivo Reprogramming of Adult Somatic Cells to Pluripotency by Overexpression of Yamanaka Factors

Published on: December 17, 2013

Area of Science:

  • Biotechnology
  • Stem Cell Biology
  • Cellular Reprogramming

Background:

  • Somatic cell reprogramming is a key area in regenerative medicine.
  • Traditional methods involve dedifferentiation to a pluripotent state.
  • Recent advances focus on direct lineage conversion.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review and describe diverse methods for somatic cell reprogramming.
  • To highlight the evolution from pluripotency-based to direct reprogramming.
  • To provide an overview of current cell fate manipulation techniques.

Main Methods:

  • Somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT)
  • Cell fusion with embryonic stem cells
  • Exposure to stem cell extracts
  • Induction of pluripotency via defined factors (iPSCs)
  • Direct lineage-specific reprogramming

Main Results:

  • Multiple established and emerging strategies exist for reprogramming somatic cells.
  • Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) represent a major advancement.
  • Lineage-specific reprogramming offers an alternative without full dedifferentiation.

Conclusions:

  • Cell reprogramming encompasses a range of techniques to alter cell identity.
  • Direct lineage reprogramming bypasses the need for a pluripotent intermediate.
  • Understanding these methods is crucial for advancing cell-based therapies.