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Related Concept Videos

Drug Toxicity: Allergic Reactions01:30

Drug Toxicity: Allergic Reactions

Drug-related allergies are immune-mediated responses triggered by the administration of pharmacological agents. These hypersensitivity reactions are classified based on the immune mechanisms involved. The four primary types—Type I, II, III, and IV—are mediated by different immunological pathways and exhibit distinct clinical manifestations.Type I Hypersensitivity/ IgE-Mediated Reactions: Immunoglobulin E (IgE) immediately mediates Type I hypersensitivity reactions. Upon initial exposure to a...
Pharmacovigilance01:19

Pharmacovigilance

Post-marketing surveillance is a critical component of pharmaceutical regulation, often uncovering unanticipated adverse drug reactions (ADRs) once a drug is widely used over an extended period.
This process, termed pharmacovigilance, aims to detect, evaluate, and minimize harmful effects related to medication use. The data collection for pharmacovigilance depends on spontaneous reporting systems, where healthcare professionals or patients voluntarily report suspected ADRs.
In some cases, there...
Allergic Drug Reactions01:27

Allergic Drug Reactions

Allergic reactions related to drugs are hypersensitivity responses driven by the immune system and bear no connection to the drug's therapeutic action. While drugs in isolation do not trigger an immune response, they can interact with endogenous proteins to form antigens. These antigens stimulate lymphocytes to produce antibodies. IgE-type antibodies attach themselves to mast cells. Upon subsequent exposure to the same stimulus, the antigen-antibody interaction is initiated, unleashing numerous...
Therapeutic Drug Monitoring: Drug Analysis Methods01:26

Therapeutic Drug Monitoring: Drug Analysis Methods

Therapeutic Drug Monitoring (TDM) is a clinical practice that measures specific drug levels in a patient's blood or body tissues to tailor drug therapy effectively. This monitoring is critical for managing drugs with narrow therapeutic indices like digoxin and phenytoin, ensuring they are both safe and effective. For instance, monitoring theophylline levels in asthma patients involves precision and sensitivity to adjust doses according to individual responses to therapy, ensuring efficacy and...
Dosage Regimen: Individualization01:24

Dosage Regimen: Individualization

Individualization in dosing regimens is the customization of medication doses for individual patients. Its necessity arises from the goal of maximizing therapeutic benefits while minimizing risks. This approach is pivotal because human responses to drugs can vary widely; what is effective for one person may be inadequate or excessive for another. Interpatient (intersubject) variability refers to differences in drug responses between individuals, while intrapatient (intrasubject) variability...
Therapeutic Drug Monitoring: Affecting Factors01:29

Therapeutic Drug Monitoring: Affecting Factors

Therapeutic Drug Monitoring (TDM) is the clinical practice of measuring specific drug levels in a patient's blood or body tissues to manage and optimize therapy. TDM is crucial for drugs with narrow therapeutic windows, like warfarin and phenytoin, where incorrect doses can lead to treatment failure or severe side effects. This monitoring ensures the dosage administered is within a safe and effective range. The factors affecting therapeutic drug monitoring include:Patient-Specific Factors:a.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 31, 2026

Precision Implementation of Minimal Erythema Dose (MED) Testing to Assess Individual Variation in Human Inflammatory Response
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Precision Implementation of Minimal Erythema Dose (MED) Testing to Assess Individual Variation in Human Inflammatory Response

Published on: October 3, 2019

Patch testing in fixed drug eruptions--a 20-year review.

Pedro Andrade1, Ana Brinca, Margarida Gonçalo

  • 1Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Coimbra University Hospital, 3000-075 Coimbra, Portugal. pedro.andrade@portugalmail.com

Contact Dermatitis
|June 28, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Patch testing is a safe method to identify culprit drugs in fixed drug eruptions, especially when nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are suspected. However, it shows limitations for certain drug classes like antibiotics.

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Area of Science:

  • Dermatology
  • Pharmacology
  • Allergy & Immunology

Background:

  • Fixed drug eruption is a common adverse drug reaction.
  • Identifying the causative drug can be challenging clinically.
  • Oral rechallenge poses risks of severe reactions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To assess the diagnostic utility of patch testing for fixed drug eruptions.
  • To establish etiological diagnosis in patients with fixed drug eruptions.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective analysis of 52 patients with fixed drug eruptions over 20 years.
  • Patch testing performed on pigmented lesions.
  • Clinical suspicion focused on nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), antibiotics, and paracetamol.

Main Results:

  • Patch tests were reactive in 40.4% of patients, primarily to NSAIDs (nimesulide, piroxicam, etoricoxib) and one antihistamine (cetirizine).
  • Negative patch test results were observed for other suspected drugs, including antibiotics.
  • Cross-reactivity was noted between certain NSAIDs (oxicams) and antihistamines.

Conclusions:

  • Patch testing is a simple, safe method for confirming drug imputability in fixed drug eruptions, particularly for NSAIDs and multiple drug suspects.
  • The lack of reactivity to antibiotics and allopurinol highlights a significant limitation of this diagnostic approach.