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Masonry

Masonry

Masonry, known for its strength, durability, and aesthetic versatility, encompasses construction with solid stone or man-made units like bricks, clay tiles, terra cotta, and concrete blocks, combined to form structures like walls, floors, and arches. These units are placed in a systematic fashion, known as coursing, and are bound together using mortar—a mixture typically made of water, cement, and sand.
The process of building with masonry is hands-on and can be executed with basic tools. A...

Composite Masonry Walls

Composite Masonry Walls

Composite masonry walls combine multiple wythes of the same or different masonry materials to create a unified structure. These walls feature wythes that are bonded together either through mortar-filled collar joints, grouted spaces, or more commonly, with rigid metal ties and reinforcements, with the use of masonry header units being rare. Metal ties are preferred because they effectively minimize water penetration, as these walls primarily absorb moisture and then release it into the...

Masonry Cavity Walls

Masonry Cavity Walls

Cavity walls feature a hollow space between the outer and inner wythes, connected only by corrosion-resistant metal ties. When water seeps through the outer wythe, it descends within this cavity, intercepted by flashing and eventually exiting through weep holes. To enhance moisture resistance, the inner wythe's cavity side often receives damp-proofing, doubling as an air barrier. The cavity can also house insulation to mitigate heat transfer.
Maintaining a clean cavity during construction is...

Masonry Curtain Walls

Masonry Curtain Walls

Masonry curtain walls employ brick or stone veneers supported by the building's structure to form an external cladding system that is both aesthetically appealing and functional. These walls are erected through two principal techniques, first by traditional layering of masonry units and second by using prefabricated panels. Traditional construction relies on steel shelf angles attached to the spandrel beam for support, with high-bond mortars ensuring secure attachment of masonry veneer units.

Masonry in Cold and Hot Weather Conditions

Masonry in Cold and Hot Weather Conditions

In cold weather, masonry construction requires specific precautions to ensure mortar does not freeze before curing, as this can significantly weaken its strength and watertightness. Mortar temperature should be maintained between 60°F and 80°F to support proper hydration and curing. Below 40°F, mortar water must be heated, but should not exceed 120°F as high temperatures can reduce mortar's compressive and bond strength.
Other key practices include keeping masonry units and sand dry and...

Mortar Joint Deterioration in Masonry

Mortar Joint Deterioration in Masonry

Mortar joint deterioration is a significant concern in masonry structures, with water accumulation in the joints leading to damage from freeze-thaw cycles. The repeated expansion of water during freezing and its melting during thawing develop and propagate cracks in the masonry joints. Eventually, this leads to the spalling of mortar from the joints, loosening masonry units and weakening the structure. The deteriorated mortar joints are also vulnerable to moisture intrusion into the walls.
The...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 31, 2026

Laser Micromachining for Polymer Surface Topography Design

Laser Micromachining for Polymer Surface Topography Design

Published on: September 19, 2025

[MESRCA/MESRRA: material aspects].

B Orsini¹, V Gariboldi, D Grisoli

¹Service de Chirurgie Cardiaque Adulte, Hôpital de la Timone, Marseille. bastien.orsini@ap-hm.fr

Annales Francaises D'Anesthesie Et De Reanimation

|June 28, 2011

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Mobile extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) enables 24/7 remote cardiac and respiratory support. Recent advancements provide specialized equipment to overcome challenges in mobile ECMO deployment for extensive geographical areas.

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Published on: August 1, 2014

Area of Science:

Cardiovascular Medicine
Respiratory Medicine
Medical Engineering

Context:

Mobile extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) provides critical care in remote or diverse geographical settings.
Historically, challenges existed with non-specialized equipment for mobile ECMO operations.
Recent developments show a growing interest from the medical and research communities in optimizing mobile ECMO technology.

Purpose:

To describe the practical experience and solutions developed for mobile ECMO support.
To address the difficulties encountered with equipment in mobile cardiac or respiratory assistance.
To highlight the evolution of specialized devices for remote ECMO services.

Summary:

Mobile ECMO support (MESRCA/MESRRA) facilitates 24/7 medical team mobilization across large areas.
Mobility and autonomy necessitate the use of specifically adapted devices.
The study details local experiences and innovative solutions to overcome material challenges in mobile ECMO.

Impact:

Facilitates timely and advanced cardiac and respiratory support in remote locations.
Improves the efficiency and effectiveness of mobile ECMO teams.
Contributes to the development and adoption of specialized equipment for critical care mobility.