Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Step-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:03

Step-Growth Polymerization: Overview

Step-growth or condensation polymerization is a stepwise reaction of bi or multifunctional monomers to form long-chain polymers. As all the monomers are reactive, most of the monomers are consumed at the early stages of the reaction to form small chains of reactive oligomers, which then combine to form long polymer chains in the late stages. Hence, the reaction has to proceed for a long time to achieve high molecular weight polymers.
Many natural and synthetic polymers are produced by...
Molecular Weight of Step-Growth Polymers01:08

Molecular Weight of Step-Growth Polymers

Step growth polymerization involves bi or multifunctional monomers. Bifunctional monomers react to form linear step growth polymers, whereas multifunctional monomers react to form non-linear or branched polymers.
As the step-growth polymerization involves step-wise condensation of monomers, the molecular weight also builds up eventually. Consequently, high molecular weight polymers are obtained at the late stages of the polymerization, where 99% of monomers have been consumed.
The extent of the...
Types of Step-Growth Polymers: Polyesters01:20

Types of Step-Growth Polymers: Polyesters

The introduction of polyesters has brought major development to the textile industry. The wrinkle-free behavior of polyester blends has eliminated the need for starching and ironing clothes.
Polyesters are commonly prepared from terephthalic acid and ethylene glycol; the crude product is known as poly(ethylene terephthalate) or PET. However, polyesters are synthesized industrially by transesterification of dimethyl terephthalate with ethylene glycol at 150 °C. The two reactants and the polymer...
Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:20

Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview

The polymerization process that involves carbanion as an intermediate is called anionic polymerization. It is also a type of addition or chain-growth polymerization. Anionic polymerization gets initiated by a strong nucleophile such as an organolithium or a Grignard reagent. The most commonly used initiator for anionic polymerization is butyl lithium. Monomers involved in anionic polymerization must possess a vinyl group bonded to one or two electron-withdrawing groups. For instance,...
Ziegler–Natta Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:17

Ziegler–Natta Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview

Ziegler–Natta polymerization is another form of addition or chain‐growth polymerization used for synthesizing linear polymers over branched polymers. The catalyst used for polymerization is the Ziegler–Natta catalyst, named after Karl Ziegler and Giulio Natta, who developed it in 1953. This catalyst is an organometallic complex of titanium tetrachloride and triethyl aluminum, with the active form of the catalyst being an alkyl titanium compound. Using the Ziegler–Natta catalyst, high molecular...
Cationic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism00:57

Cationic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism

The cationic polymerization mechanism consists of three steps: initiation, propagation, and termination. In the initiation step of the polymerization process, the π bond of a monomer gets protonated by the Lewis acid catalyst, which is formed from boron trifluoride and water. The protonation of the π bond generates a carbocation stabilized by the electron‐donating group. In the propagation step, the π bond of the second monomer acts as a nucleophile and attacks the generated carbocation,...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Cell-Free Protein Synthesis in Porous Parylene Scaffolds.

Small methods·2026
Same author

Surface-Capped Protein Nanoparticles for Nonviral Gene Delivery.

Advanced materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.)·2026
Same author

Targeting of Bacteria Using Amylase-Degradable, Copper-Loaded Starch Nanoparticles.

Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland)·2026
Same author

A Tandem Chemical Vapor Deposition Platform for the Solvent-Free Synthesis of Polypeptide Architectures.

Chemistry (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany)·2026
Same author

Localized gene delivery and enhanced cell-cell communication via bio-orthogonal polymer coatings.

Regenerative engineering and translational medicine·2026
Same author

Advancing liquid biopsy: whispering gallery mode laser detection of the HER2 cancer biomarker on extracellular vesicles.

Lab on a chip·2025
Same journal

Functionalization Enhanced Phase Separation in PS-b-PVP Derived Polyzwitterionic Block Copolymers.

Macromolecular rapid communications·2026
Same journal

Molecular Design of Biobased, Printable Monomers for Two-Photon Polymerization.

Macromolecular rapid communications·2026
Same journal

Single-Chain Inherent Elasticity Reveals γ-Irradiation-Induced Backbone Reconstruction in Poly(Vinylidene Fluoride).

Macromolecular rapid communications·2026
Same journal

Exploring 2-D σ-σ* Conjugation in Cyclic Polysiloxane Copolymers.

Macromolecular rapid communications·2026
Same journal

Biocompatible Sulfobetaine Polymer-Artemisinin Conjugates Inducing Ferroptosis in Cancer Cells: Synthesis by Mechanochemical Solid-State Polymerization and Characterization.

Macromolecular rapid communications·2026
Same journal

Soft-Segment-Tuned Dynamic Polyurethanes With Low Compression Set and Recyclability.

Macromolecular rapid communications·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 31, 2026

Reactive Vapor Deposition of Conjugated Polymer Films on Arbitrary Substrates
07:32

Reactive Vapor Deposition of Conjugated Polymer Films on Arbitrary Substrates

Published on: January 17, 2018

Vapor-based polymer gradients.

Yaseen Elkasabi1, Joerg Lahann

  • 1Departments of Chemical Engineering, Material Science and Engineering, and Macromolecular Science and Engineering, University of Michigan, 2300 Hayward Street, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA.

Macromolecular Rapid Communications
|June 28, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Chemical vapor deposition (CVD) co-polymerization creates reactive polymer coatings with tunable surface gradients. This flexible platform enables precise biomolecular substrate fabrication for advanced applications.

More Related Videos

Preparation of DNA-crosslinked Polyacrylamide Hydrogels
09:06

Preparation of DNA-crosslinked Polyacrylamide Hydrogels

Published on: August 27, 2014

A Gradient-generating Microfluidic Device for Cell Biology
11:05

A Gradient-generating Microfluidic Device for Cell Biology

Published on: August 30, 2007

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 31, 2026

Reactive Vapor Deposition of Conjugated Polymer Films on Arbitrary Substrates
07:32

Reactive Vapor Deposition of Conjugated Polymer Films on Arbitrary Substrates

Published on: January 17, 2018

Preparation of DNA-crosslinked Polyacrylamide Hydrogels
09:06

Preparation of DNA-crosslinked Polyacrylamide Hydrogels

Published on: August 27, 2014

A Gradient-generating Microfluidic Device for Cell Biology
11:05

A Gradient-generating Microfluidic Device for Cell Biology

Published on: August 30, 2007

Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Polymer Chemistry
  • Surface Engineering

Background:

  • Fabricating polymer coatings with controlled surface properties is crucial for advanced material applications.
  • Existing methods often lack the precision to create tailored compositional gradients.
  • Reactive surface gradients offer unique opportunities for surface functionalization and biomolecular immobilization.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a novel method for creating polymer coatings with reactive surface composition gradients using chemical vapor deposition (CVD).
  • To demonstrate the ability to control the slope and composition of these gradients by manipulating process parameters.
  • To showcase the utility of these gradient surfaces for selective biomolecular immobilization.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a two-source chemical vapor deposition (CVD) system to co-polymerize functionalized [2.2]paracyclophane derivatives.
  • Deposited copolymer coatings with varying compositions by controlling the angle and feed of precursors.
  • Employed Infrared (IR) spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) to analyze bulk and surface composition.

Main Results:

  • Successfully fabricated polymer coatings exhibiting reactive surface composition gradients.
  • Demonstrated that CVD process parameters can be manipulated to achieve tailored compositional slopes.
  • Confirmed compositional changes within the polymer bulk and at the surface using spectroscopic techniques.
  • Achieved selective immobilization of fluorescence-labeled ligands onto the reactive polymer gradients.

Conclusions:

  • Chemical vapor deposition (CVD) co-polymerization is an effective technique for producing polymer coatings with tunable reactive surface gradients.
  • The developed CVD-based gradient surfaces provide a versatile platform for fabricating customized biomolecular substrates.
  • This approach offers significant potential for applications in diagnostics, sensors, and tissue engineering.