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Related Concept Videos

Steady, Laminar Flow in Circular Tubes01:23

Steady, Laminar Flow in Circular Tubes

Hagen-Poiseuille flow describes a viscous fluid's steady, incompressible flow through a cylindrical tube with a constant radius R. This flow profile is often applied to understand fluid transport in narrow channels, such as capillaries. It serves as a foundational example of laminar flow. In this model, cylindrical coordinates (r,θ,z) are used to describe the radial (r), angular (θ), and axial (z) dimensions within the tube. For Hagen-Poiseuille flow, the velocity profile is purely axial,...
Steady, Laminar Flow Between Parallel Plates01:17

Steady, Laminar Flow Between Parallel Plates

Understanding steady, laminar flow between parallel plates is essential for analyzing and designing flow in narrow rectangular channels, commonly found in various water conveyance and drainage systems. The Navier-Stokes equations govern fluid motion and are generally challenging to solve due to their nonlinearity. However, simplifications are possible in certain cases, like the steady laminar flow between parallel plates. For this scenario, we assume steady, incompressible, laminar flow.
Stress Concentrations in Circular Shafts01:18

Stress Concentrations in Circular Shafts

Consider the elastic torsion formula, which applies to a circular shaft with a consistent cross-section. This formula assumes that the shaft's ends are loaded with rigid plates firmly attached. However, in many cases, torques are applied to the shaft through mechanisms like flange couplings or gears, which are connected by keys inserted into keyways. This application method modifies the stress distribution near the point of torque application, causing it to deviate from the distributions...
Conformations of Cyclohexane02:11

Conformations of Cyclohexane

Cyclohexane does not exist in a planar form due to the high angle and torsional strain it would experience in the planar structure. Instead, it adopts non-planar chair and boat conformations.
The chair form is the most stable and derives its name from its resemblance to the “easy chair.” In the chair conformation, two carbon atoms are arranged out-of-plane — one above and one below, minimizing the torsional strain. In the chair form, the bond angle is very close to the ideal tetrahedral value,...
Microtubule Instability02:17

Microtubule Instability

Microtubules are hollow cylindrical filaments having a diameter of approximately 25 nm and a length that varies from 200 nm to 25 μm. GTP-bound tubulin subunits form αβ-heterodimers for microtubule assembly. These core building blocks interact longitudinally, polymerizing into protofilaments. The protofilaments then interact with one another through lateral bonding forces to form stable cylindrical microtubules. These cylindrical filaments are dynamic as they undergo repeated assembly and...
Transformation of Plane Stress01:18

Transformation of Plane Stress

Studying stress transformation is essential in understanding how stress components within a material, like a cube under plane stress, change with rotation. This change is analyzed by considering a prismatic element within the cube. As the element rotates, the stress components acting on it—both normal and shearing stresses—change in magnitude and orientation. This change is quantified using trigonometric functions of the rotation angle, relating the forces acting on the rotated element's faces...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 31, 2026

Confocal Imaging of Confined Quiescent and Flowing Colloid-polymer Mixtures
10:56

Confocal Imaging of Confined Quiescent and Flowing Colloid-polymer Mixtures

Published on: May 20, 2014

Thin Film Instabilities in Blends under Cylindrical Confinement.

Dian Chen1, Jiun-Tai Chen, Elizabeth Glogowski

  • 1Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, USA.

Macromolecular Rapid Communications
|June 28, 2011
PubMed
Summary

Researchers studied Rayleigh instabilities in polymer bilayers within nanoporous membranes. Thermal annealing transformed these into nanorods, nanospheres, and novel composite structures with air inclusions and gold nanoparticles.

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Last Updated: May 31, 2026

Confocal Imaging of Confined Quiescent and Flowing Colloid-polymer Mixtures
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Published on: February 22, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Polymer Science
  • Nanotechnology

Background:

  • Confined polymer bilayers exhibit unique phase separation behaviors.
  • Nanoporous templates offer controlled environments for studying nanoscale phenomena.
  • Rayleigh instabilities are crucial for understanding pattern formation in thin films.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate Rayleigh instabilities in poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) and polystyrene (PS) bilayers confined in anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) membranes.
  • To explore the morphological transformations induced by thermal annealing.
  • To create novel nanostructures and composite materials.

Main Methods:

  • Fabrication of bilayered nanotubes within AAO membranes.
  • Thermal annealing to induce phase separation and Rayleigh instabilities.
  • Selective removal of PMMA using UV radiation and acetic acid.
  • Incorporation of gold nanoparticles with PS ligands.

Main Results:

  • Short annealing times yielded nanorods with encapsulated air pockets.
  • Longer annealing times resulted in coalesced air columns.
  • Selective PMMA removal produced PS nanospheres with air inclusions.
  • Incorporation of gold nanoparticles led to novel composite morphologies.

Conclusions:

  • Thermal annealing effectively induces Rayleigh instabilities and morphological transformations in confined polymer bilayers.
  • The process allows for the creation of well-defined nanostructures, including nanospheres and composite materials.
  • This method provides a route to engineer nanoscale architectures for potential applications in nanotechnology and materials science.