Related Experiment Video
Updated: May 31, 2026

Rapid Diagnosis of Avian Influenza Virus in Wild Birds: Use of a Portable rRT-PCR and Freeze-dried Reagents in the Field
Published on: August 2, 2011
Human avian influenza in Indonesia: are they really clustered?
Putri Chairani Eyanoer1, Pratap Singhasivanon, Jaranit Kaewkungwal
1Faculty of Medicine, University of North Sumatra, Indonesia. putrice00@yahoo.com
Abstract:
Understanding the epidemiology of human H5N1 cases in Indonesia is important. The question of whether cases are clustered or not is unclear. An increase in clustered cases suggests greater transmissibility. In the present study, 107 confirmed and 302 suspected human H5N1 cases in Indonesia during 2005-2007 were analyzed for spatial and temporal distribution. Most confirmed cases (97.2%) occurred on two main islands (Java and Sumatera). There were no patterns of disease occurrence over time. There were also no correlations between occurrence patterns in humans and poultry. Statistical analysis showed confirmed cases were clustered within an area on Java island covered by 8 districts along the border of three neighboring provinces (Jakarta, West Java, and Banten). This study shows human H5N1 cases in Indonesia were clustered at two sites where there was a high rate of infection among poultry. These findings are important since they highlight areas of high risk for possible human H5N1 infection in Indonesia, thus, preventive measures may be taken.
Related Concept Videos
Viral Recombination
Influenza
Infectious Diseases and Their Occurrence
Viral Mutations
Arboviral Encephalitis

