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Related Concept Videos

Sustainable Development01:43

Sustainable Development

As the human population continues to grow and use resources, we must be mindful of our planet’s natural limits. Sustainable development provides a pathway to maintain and improve human life now while also ensuring that future generations will have the resources that they need. The long-term success of sustainability efforts rests on understanding the interplay between human actions and ecological systems.
Methods Of Healthcare Delivery System01:26

Methods Of Healthcare Delivery System

At the different levels of the healthcare system, we see varying methods of healthcare used. These methods include managed care systems, case management, and primary healthcare.
Managed Care System:
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Malaria01:29

Malaria

Malaria pathogenesis in humans reflects a delicate interplay between parasite biology and host response. Clinical illness reflects a host’s immune response to the parasite’s asexual replication cycle, which is often asymptomatic in individuals with partial immunity. From the parasite's perspective, transmission between mosquito and human with minimal host pathology is evolutionarily advantageous. Among the six Plasmodium species infecting humans, P. falciparum and P. vivax dominate in global...
Primary Healthcare Services01:30

Primary Healthcare Services

Primary care promotes wellness and prevents disease. This care includes health promotion, education, protection (such as immunizations), early disease screening, and environmental considerations. Settings providing this type of healthcare include physician offices, public health clinics, school nursing, and community health nursing.
In 1978, international leaders convened in Alma-Ata, Kazakhstan, for what would be a pivotal event in global health. The Alma-Ata Declaration was the first to call...
International Nursing Organizations II01:28

International Nursing Organizations II

The World Health Organization (WHO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations based in Geneva. The WHO has many initiatives that center around health. Primarily, they lead global efforts to expand universal health coverage using science-based policies and programs. They are also responsible for shaping health research agendas and developing norms and standards.
The WHO provides expert team support, including funding, vaccines, testing, and treatment tools at the country level to fight...
Quality of Water01:19

Quality of Water

In concrete preparation, the quality of water is paramount as it affects the strength and durability of the concrete. Potable water is usually preferred; however, it must not have excessive sodium or potassium to prevent compromising the concrete's integrity. Water quality is typically evaluated based on impurities such as dissolved solids, chlorides, and sulfates, and its pH value is ideally between 6 and 8. Even slightly acidic natural water may be acceptable unless it contains harmful...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 31, 2026

Protocol for Mosquito Rearing (A. gambiae)
13:03

Protocol for Mosquito Rearing (A. gambiae)

Published on: July 4, 2007

Reaching millennium development goal 4 - the Gambia.

Momodou Jasseh1, Emily L Webb, Shabbar Jaffar

  • 1Medical Research Council Laboratories, Fajara, The Gambia. mjasseh@mrc.gm

Tropical Medicine & International Health : TM & IH
|June 29, 2011
PubMed
Summary

Child mortality in The Gambia significantly decreased by 56% due to simple interventions like immunisation and malaria control. This progress in child survival was achieved years ahead of the Millennium Development Goal 4 target.

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Area of Science:

  • Global Health
  • Demography
  • Pediatrics

Background:

  • Child mortality remains a critical challenge in many rural African regions.
  • The Gambia has implemented interventions to improve child survival rates.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To assess the impact of a Demographic Surveillance System (DSS) on child mortality in rural Gambia.
  • To investigate the correlation between reduced child mortality and decreased malaria incidence.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized 19.5 years of demographic surveillance data (1989-2008) from 42 villages in The Gambia.
  • Estimated mortality rates for neonatal, infant, child (1-4 years), and under-5 age groups.
  • Analyzed data across five predefined periods using Kaplan-Meier survival probabilities.

Main Results:

  • Under-5 mortality declined by 56% between 1989-1992 and 2004-2008.
  • Mortality in 1- to 4-year-olds decreased by 69% during the same periods.
  • Annual under-5 mortality rates dropped from 159 to 45 per 1000 live births, achieving Millennium Development Goal 4 (MDG4) seven years early.

Conclusions:

  • Millennium Development Goal 4 (MDG4) is achievable in resource-limited African settings.
  • Simple public health measures, including immunisation and effective malaria control, are key to improving child survival.