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Related Concept Videos

Muscles that Move the Forearm01:16

Muscles that Move the Forearm

The muscles that move the forearms can be divided into four groups: forearm flexors, forearm extensors, forearm pronators, and forearm supinators. The flexors and extensors act on the elbow joint, while the pronators and supinators act on the radioulnar joints.
Forearm Flexors
The biceps brachii, brachialis, and brachioradialis are forearm flexors. The biceps brachii is made up of two heads. Its long head originates at the supraglenoid tubercle of the scapula, whereas that of the short head is...
Bones of the Upper Limb: Humerus01:19

Bones of the Upper Limb: Humerus

The upper limb consists of the arm, forearm, wrist, and hand bones. The humerus is the single bone of the upper arm region. Proximally, it has a large, spherical, smooth head that articulates with the glenoid cavity of the scapula to form the glenohumeral or shoulder joint. The margin of the head is the anatomical neck, a residual epiphyseal plate. Laterally it extends to form bony projections called the greater tubercle and the lesser tubercle. Next to the tubercles is the surgical neck, a...
Bones of the Upper Limb: Ulna01:15

Bones of the Upper Limb: Ulna

The ulna and radius are parallel bones of the antebrachium or the forearm. The ulna lies medially and consists of a bony tip called the olecranon process at its proximal end. This hook-like projection articulates with the olecranon fossa of the humerus and forms the "hinged" ulnohumeral part of the elbow joint. This joint facilitates forearm extension and flexion while preventing its hyperextension. Similarly, the coronoid process, another bony projection on the proximal/anterior side of the...
Bones of the Upper Limb: Radius01:09

Bones of the Upper Limb: Radius

The radius is longer of the two bones that make up the human antebrachium or forearm. At the proximal end, the radius articulates with the capitulum of the humerus and the radial notch of the ulna to form the elbow joint. At the distal end, the radius articulates with the ulna via the ulnar notch, forming the distal radioulnar joint. Distally, the radius also attaches to the carpal wrist bones (scaphoid and lunate) to form the radiocarpal joint.
The radius has a nail-shaped head, and a short...
Spinal Nerves: Plexus I01:22

Spinal Nerves: Plexus I

Nerve plexuses are networks of interlacing nerves that serve as communication hubs to distribute and organize nerve action across various body regions. The nerve plexuses are organized into the cervical plexus located in the neck region, brachial plexus in the shoulder area, lumbar plexus found in the lower back, sacral plexus situated in the pelvis, and coccygeal plexus located in the coccygeal region.
The Cervical Plexus
The cervical plexus, formed by the anterior rami of the first four...
Knee Joint01:23

Knee Joint

The knee joint is the most complicated joint in the body. It consists of three articulations– two tibiofemoral and one patellofemoral. As is characteristic of synovial joints, the knee joint has a thin articular capsule that partially surrounds this joint cavity. Additionally, several ligaments, muscles, and cartilaginous structures support the movement of the knee.
A total of seven ligaments support the knee joint. The patellar ligament, which is also attached to the quadriceps femoris group...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 31, 2026

A Protocol to Acquire the Degenerative Tenocyte from Humans
09:25

A Protocol to Acquire the Degenerative Tenocyte from Humans

Published on: June 9, 2018

Tennis elbow.

Leanne Bisset1, Brooke Coombes, Bill Vicenzino

  • 1Department of Health and Rehabilitation, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.

BMJ Clinical Evidence
|June 29, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This systematic review evaluates various treatments for tennis elbow, a common extensor tendon overload injury. Evidence supports several interventions, but effectiveness and safety vary, necessitating careful patient selection.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 31, 2026

A Protocol to Acquire the Degenerative Tenocyte from Humans
09:25

A Protocol to Acquire the Degenerative Tenocyte from Humans

Published on: June 9, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Orthopedics
  • Sports Medicine
  • Physical Therapy

Background:

  • Lateral elbow pain, commonly known as tennis elbow, affects up to 3% of the population.
  • It is an overuse injury of the forearm extensor tendons at the lateral epicondyle.
  • Symptoms can persist for over a year in up to 20% of individuals.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To systematically review the effects of various treatments for tennis elbow.
  • To answer the clinical question regarding the efficacy and safety of interventions for lateral epicondylitis.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic review of 80 studies including systematic reviews, randomized controlled trials (RCTs), and observational studies.
  • Searched major databases (Medline, Embase, Cochrane Library) up to November 2009.
  • Included harms alerts from regulatory agencies (FDA, MHRA) and performed GRADE evaluation of evidence quality.

Main Results:

  • The review analyzed a wide range of interventions for tennis elbow.
  • Included interventions such as acupuncture, injections (corticosteroid, PRP, blood), exercise, shock wave therapy, NSAIDs, and surgery.
  • Evidence quality for each intervention was evaluated using the GRADE system.

Conclusions:

  • Information on the effectiveness and safety of numerous interventions for tennis elbow is presented.
  • Interventions reviewed include acupuncture, injections, physical therapies, exercise, shock wave therapy, NSAIDs, orthoses, and surgery.
  • The review provides a comprehensive overview to guide treatment decisions for lateral epicondylitis.