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Cyanobacteria are a diverse group of oxygenic, phototrophic bacteria that played a pivotal role in converting Earth’s atmosphere from anoxic to oxygen-rich billions of years ago. They exhibit remarkable morphological diversity, ranging from unicellular forms to filamentous types, with cell sizes varying between 0.5 μm and 100 μm. Cyanobacteria are classified into five groups: Chroococcales (unicellular, dividing by binary fission), Pleurocapsales (unicellular, dividing by multiple fission),...
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Updated: May 31, 2026

Autofluorescence Imaging to Evaluate Red Algae Physiology
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A cyanolichen from the Lower Devonian Rhynie chert.

T Taylor, H Hass, H Kerp

    American Journal of Botany
    |June 29, 2011
    PubMed
    Summary

    Fossil fungi in the Rhynie chert reveal the earliest lichen symbiosis. This ancient cyanobacterial partnership, Winfrenatia, thrived in harsh Devonian environments, showcasing early plant-fungi interactions.

    Area of Science:

    • Paleobotany
    • Mycology
    • Early Devonian Paleoecology

    Background:

    • The Rhynie chert is a crucial source of information on Early Devonian terrestrial ecosystems.
    • Fungal interactions are well-documented, but lichen symbiosis evidence was previously lacking.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To report the first unequivocal evidence of lichen symbiosis from the Rhynie chert.
    • To characterize the newly discovered lichen genus, Winfrenatia.

    Main Methods:

    • Microscopic examination of Rhynie chert specimens.
    • Analysis of fungal and cyanobacterial structures and their interactions.

    Main Results:

    • Discovery of Winfrenatia, a new lichen genus with aseptate hyphae and cyanobacterial photobionts.

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  • Detailed description of the symbiotic relationship, including fungal parasitism of cyanobacteria.
  • Identification of fungal affinities with Zygomycetes and photobiont similarities to Gloeocapsa and Chroococcidiopsis.

    • Conclusions:

    • Winfrenatia represents the earliest known lichen symbiosis.
    • This cyanobacterial symbiosis was likely adapted to colonize challenging, periodically desiccated ecological niches.