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Related Concept Videos

Inertial Frames of Reference01:03

Inertial Frames of Reference

Newton’s first law is usually considered to be a statement about reference frames. It provides a method for identifying a special type of reference frame: the inertial reference frame. In principle, we can make the net force on a body zero. If its velocity relative to a given frame is constant, then that frame is said to be inertial. So, by definition, an inertial reference frame is a reference frame where Newton's first law holds valid. Newton's first law applies to objects with constant...
Non-inertial Frames of Reference01:27

Non-inertial Frames of Reference

A reference frame accelerating or decelerating relative to an inertial frame is a non-inertial frame. To help understand this, consider what taking off in an airplane, turning a corner in a car, riding a merry-go-round, and the circular motion of a tropical cyclone all have in common. All these systems are accelerating, decelerating, or rotating relative to the Earth; hence, they all are non-inertial frames. All these systems exhibit inertial forces, which merely seem to arise from motion,...
Relative Motion Analysis using Rotating Axes01:25

Relative Motion Analysis using Rotating Axes

Consider a component AB undergoing a linear motion. Along with a linear motion, point B also rotates around point A. To comprehend this complex movement, position vectors for both points A and B are established using a stationary reference frame.
However, to express the relative position of point B relative to point A, an additional frame of reference, denoted as x'y', is necessary. This additional frame not only translates but also rotates relative to the fixed frame, making it instrumental in...
Relative Velocity in One Dimension01:10

Relative Velocity in One Dimension

The understanding of the concept of reference frames is essential to discuss relative motion in one or more dimensions. When we say that an object has a certain velocity, we must state the velocity with respect to a given reference frame. In most examples, this reference frame has been Earth. For instance, if a statement reads that a person is sitting in a train moving at 10 m/s east, then it implies that the person on the train is moving relative to the surface of Earth at this velocity,...
Relative Motion Analysis - Velocity01:24

Relative Motion Analysis - Velocity

A stroke engine has a slider-crank mechanism that converts rotational motion from the crank into linear motion of the slider or vice versa. This mechanism consists of three main parts: the crank, the connecting rod, and the slider.
When an external force is exerted, it sets the crank into a rotational movement. This, in turn, instigates the motion of the connecting rod, leading to what is referred to as a general plane motion. This process involves two key points - point A on the connecting rod...
Relative Motion Analysis - Acceleration01:10

Relative Motion Analysis - Acceleration

A slider-crank mechanism converts rotational motion from the crank into linear motion of the slider or vice versa. This mechanism consists of three main parts: the crank, the connecting rod, and the slider. The movement of the slider-crank is an example of general plane motion as the fluctuating angle between the crank and the connecting rod. Consider a segment AB where point A is at the end of the slider and point B is on the diametrically opposite end to point A, on a crack. The variance in...

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Controlled Rotation of Human Observers in a Virtual Reality Environment
09:11

Controlled Rotation of Human Observers in a Virtual Reality Environment

Published on: April 21, 2022

Adjacent visual representations of self-motion in different reference frames.

David Mattijs Arnoldussen1, Jeroen Goossens, Albert V van den Berg

  • 1Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Section of Biophysics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, 6525 EZ, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
|June 29, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study reveals that the brain processes self-motion using both eye-based (retinocentric) and head-based (head-centric) visual information in early visual areas. These distinct representations are crucial for navigating and understanding our movement in space.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Visual Perception
  • Computational Neuroscience

Background:

  • Retinal motion speed is not directly perceived during self-motion, suggesting complex processing in visual areas.
  • Understanding how the brain integrates visual motion cues for navigation is essential.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the neural basis of retinocentric and head-centric self-motion representations in human visual cortex.
  • To map the distribution of these reference frames in lower-tier visual motion areas.

Main Methods:

  • Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was used to measure brain activity.
  • Participants viewed visual stimuli simulating self-rotation with varying gaze and head movements.
  • Parametric generalized linear models analyzed blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) responses.

Main Results:

  • Specific subregions within V3A, V6(+), MT, and MST showed distinct modulation by eye- and head-relative rotational flow speed.
  • Pursuit signals, integrating reference frames, were identified in these visual motion areas.
  • This study provides the first evidence of multiple, adjacent visual self-motion representations in these areas.

Conclusions:

  • Early visual areas contain multiple, spatially organized representations of self-motion based on different reference frames.
  • These findings suggest early visual processing transforms reference frames for self-motion signals.
  • Visual perception and action decisions likely utilize both retinal and head-centric motion information based on task demands.