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Related Concept Videos

Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming01:29

Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming

Reprogramming alters the gene expression in somatic cells, transforming them into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells over several generations. Scientists can reprogram cells by introducing genes for four transcription factors—Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc (OSKM) by viral or non-viral methods. These factors are also known as Yamanaka factors after Shinya Yamanaka, who first generated iPS cells using mouse skin cells. Yamanaka was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2012 for this...
Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells01:13

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that divide and produce different types of cells. Ordinarily, cells that have differentiated into a specific cell type are post-mitotic—that is, they no longer divide. However, scientists have found a way to reprogram these mature cells so that they “de-differentiate” and return to an unspecialized, proliferative state. These cells are also pluripotent like embryonic stem cells—able to produce all cell types—and are therefore called induced pluripotent stem...
Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells01:06

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that divide and produce different cell types. Ordinarily, cells that have differentiated into a specific cell type are terminally differentiated; however, scientists have found a way to reprogram these mature cells so that they dedifferentiate and return to an unspecialized, proliferative state. These cells are pluripotent like embryonic stem cells—able to produce all cell types—and are called induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs).
Somatic cells are...
Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming01:24

Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming

Nuclear reprogramming is a process of transforming one cell type into an unrelated cell type by epigenetic changes that alter the cell’s original gene expression pattern. Such epigenetic changes force cells to express a different set of genes, which play a significant role in inducing transformation into other cell types. Nuclear reprogramming offers applications in reproductive cloning for livestock propagation and regenerative medicine — developing patient-specific cells for injury repair.
Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells01:32

Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells

Chromatin modification alters gene expression; therefore, scientists can add histone-modifying enzymes, histone variants, and chromatin remodeling complexes to somatic cells to aid reprogramming into pluripotent stem (iPS) cells.
Compact chromatin makes reprogramming difficult. Enzymes, such as histone demethylases and acetyltransferases, are often added during reprogramming to loosen the chromatin, making the DNA more accessible to transcription factors. Molecules that inhibit histone...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 31, 2026

Suppression of Pro-fibrotic Signaling Potentiates Factor-mediated Reprogramming of Mouse Embryonic Fibroblasts into Induced Cardiomyocytes
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Reprogramming fibroblasts into induced pluripotent stem cells with Bmi1.

Jai-Hee Moon1, June Seok Heo, Jun Sung Kim

  • 1Laboratory of Cell Function Regulation, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 136-701, Republic of Korea.

Cell Research
|June 29, 2011
PubMed
Summary

Bmi1 or sonic hedgehog pathway activation can reprogram fibroblasts into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells with Oct4, simplifying the process. These novel iPS cells exhibit characteristics similar to embryonic stem cells.

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Published on: January 19, 2020

Area of Science:

  • Stem cell biology
  • Cellular reprogramming
  • Developmental biology

Background:

  • Traditional induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) generation requires multiple transcription factors (Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, c-Myc).
  • Previous studies showed reprogramming with fewer factors, including Oct4 and Sox2, or Oct4 alone in specific cell types.
  • Neural stem cells (NSCs) can be reprogrammed by Oct4, and fibroblasts by Oct4 and Sox2.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate novel methods for inducing pluripotency in somatic cells.
  • To identify factors that can replace the canonical reprogramming factors.
  • To explore the role of Bmi1 and sonic hedgehog signaling in cellular reprogramming.

Main Methods:

  • Fibroblast reprogramming using Bmi1 and Oct4.
  • Activation of sonic hedgehog signaling pathway (using Shh, purmorphamine, or oxysterol) in combination with Oct4.
  • Characterization of generated iPS cells through gene expression, epigenetic analysis, and in vitro/in vivo differentiation assays.

Main Results:

  • Bmi1 induces transdifferentiation of fibroblasts into NSC-like cells.
  • Bmi1 plus Oct4 can replace Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc for fibroblast reprogramming.
  • Sonic hedgehog pathway activation plus Oct4 reprograms mouse embryonic and adult fibroblasts into iPS cells.
  • Generated iPS cells (one- and two-factor) are comparable to mouse embryonic stem cells in multiple aspects.

Conclusions:

  • Bmi1 or sonic hedgehog pathway activation can create an intermediate cell state.
  • This intermediate state, expressing Sox2, Klf4, and N-Myc, facilitates iPS cell generation with Oct4.
  • These findings offer simplified strategies for generating induced pluripotent stem cells.