Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Inductive Reasoning00:59

Inductive Reasoning

Inductive reasoning is a form of logical thinking that uses related observations to arrive at a general conclusion. It is uncertain and operates in degrees to which the conclusions are credible. As such, inductive arguments can be weak or strong, rather than valid or invalid, and conclusions can be used to formulate testable, falsifiable hypotheses.
Inductive reasoning is common in descriptive science. A life scientist makes observations and records them. This data can be qualitative or...
Cause and Effect01:53

Cause and Effect

While variables are sometimes correlated because one does cause the other, it could also be that some other factor, a confounding variable, is actually causing the systematic movement in our variables of interest. For instance, as sales in ice cream increase, so does the overall rate of crime. Is it possible that indulging in your favorite flavor of ice cream could send you on a crime spree? Or, after committing crime do you think you might decide to treat yourself to a cone?
Confirmation Biases01:31

Confirmation Biases

The confirmation bias is the tendency to focus on information that confirms our existing beliefs and ignore information that is inconsistent with our expectations. For example, if you think that your professor is not very nice, you notice all of the instances of rude behavior exhibited by the professor while ignoring the countless pleasant interactions he is involved in on a daily basis. Have you ever fallen prey to the confirmation bias, either as the source or target of such bias?
Naturalistic Observations02:30

Naturalistic Observations

If you want to understand how behavior occurs, one of the best ways to gain information is to simply observe the behavior in its natural context. However, people might change their behavior in unexpected ways if they know they are being observed. How do researchers obtain accurate information when people tend to hide their natural behavior? As an example, imagine that your professor asks everyone in your class to raise their hand if they always wash their hands after using the restroom. Chances...
EDTA: Indirect and Alkalimetric Titration01:23

EDTA: Indirect and Alkalimetric Titration

Unlike direct titration, back-titration, and displacement titration, indirect titration is an EDTA titration method for quantifying anions. In the indirect titration method, anions are precipitated as their insoluble salts with excess metal ions. The filtrate containing the excess metal ions is directly titrated with standard EDTA until the endpoint is achieved. Another approach involves extracting the metal ion and back-titrating with standard EDTA to obtain the endpoint. In this way, the...
Deductive Reasoning01:16

Deductive Reasoning

Deductive reasoning, or deduction, is the type of logic used in hypothesis-based science. In deductive reasoning, the pattern of thinking moves in the opposite direction as compared to inductive reasoning, which means that it uses a general principle or law to predict specific results. From those general principles, a scientist can deduce and predict the specific results that would be valid as long as the general principles are valid.
For example, a researcher can deduce specific predictions...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Relative timing and coupling of neural population bursts in large-scale recordings from multiple neuron populations.

Frontiers in computational neuroscience·2026
Same author

Cross-population amplitude coupling in high-dimensional oscillatory neural time series.

Frontiers in computational neuroscience·2026
Same author

A Population Coupling Model Identifies Reduced Propagation from V1 to Higher Visual Areas During Locomotion.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2026
Same author

Relative timing and coupling of neural population bursts in large-scale recordings from multiple neuron populations.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2025
Same author

Oscillating neural circuits: Phase, amplitude, and the complex normal distribution.

The Canadian journal of statistics = Revue canadienne de statistique·2024
Same author

Identification of interacting neural populations: methods and statistical considerations.

Journal of neurophysiology·2023
Same journal

Bayesian Transfer Learning.

Statistical science : a review journal of the Institute of Mathematical Statistics·2026
Same journal

On the mixed-model analysis of covariance in cluster-randomized trials.

Statistical science : a review journal of the Institute of Mathematical Statistics·2026
Same journal

Replicable Bandits for Digital Health Interventions.

Statistical science : a review journal of the Institute of Mathematical Statistics·2026
Same journal

Statistical Inference for the Evolutionary History of Cancer Genomes.

Statistical science : a review journal of the Institute of Mathematical Statistics·2025
Same journal

Causal Inference Methods for Combining Randomized Trials and Observational Studies: A Review.

Statistical science : a review journal of the Institute of Mathematical Statistics·2025
Same journal

On the Use of Auxiliary Variables in Multilevel Regression and Poststratification.

Statistical science : a review journal of the Institute of Mathematical Statistics·2025
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 31, 2026

Detection of Nuclear Blebbing and DNA Leakage in Mammalian Cells by Immunofluorescence
06:23

Detection of Nuclear Blebbing and DNA Leakage in Mammalian Cells by Immunofluorescence

Published on: January 17, 2025

Comment: How Should Indirect Evidence Be Used?

Robert E Kass1

  • 1Department of Statistics, Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, and Machine Learning Department, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15217 USA kass@stat.cmu.edu .

Statistical Science : a Review Journal of the Institute of Mathematical Statistics
|June 29, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Indirect evidence is vital for statistical practice, but its informal use is sometimes more effective. Further research should explore the link between statistical methods and scientific challenges.

More Related Videos

Experimental Paradigm for Measuring the Effect of Induced Emotion on Grammar Learning
05:33

Experimental Paradigm for Measuring the Effect of Induced Emotion on Grammar Learning

Published on: January 29, 2020

Detection of Rabies IgG and IgM Antibodies Using the Rabies Indirect Fluorescent Antibody Test
07:54

Detection of Rabies IgG and IgM Antibodies Using the Rabies Indirect Fluorescent Antibody Test

Published on: January 19, 2024

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 31, 2026

Detection of Nuclear Blebbing and DNA Leakage in Mammalian Cells by Immunofluorescence
06:23

Detection of Nuclear Blebbing and DNA Leakage in Mammalian Cells by Immunofluorescence

Published on: January 17, 2025

Experimental Paradigm for Measuring the Effect of Induced Emotion on Grammar Learning
05:33

Experimental Paradigm for Measuring the Effect of Induced Emotion on Grammar Learning

Published on: January 29, 2020

Detection of Rabies IgG and IgM Antibodies Using the Rabies Indirect Fluorescent Antibody Test
07:54

Detection of Rabies IgG and IgM Antibodies Using the Rabies Indirect Fluorescent Antibody Test

Published on: January 19, 2024

Area of Science:

  • Statistics
  • Scientific Methodology

Background:

  • Indirect evidence plays a significant role in statistical analysis.
  • The optimal application of indirect evidence can vary, sometimes favoring informal approaches over formal statistical methods.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight the importance of indirect evidence in statistical practice.
  • To explore the nuanced application of indirect evidence, distinguishing between formal and informal uses.
  • To advocate for future research focusing on the integration of statistical methods with scientific problems.

Main Methods:

  • Review of statistical practice and the role of indirect evidence.
  • Conceptual analysis of formal versus informal application of indirect evidence.

Main Results:

  • Indirect evidence is essential for robust statistical outcomes.
  • Informal utilization of indirect evidence can be more beneficial in certain contexts.
  • A gap exists in understanding the precise connection between statistical techniques and real-world scientific inquiries.

Conclusions:

  • Statistical practice relies heavily on indirect evidence.
  • The effective use of indirect evidence requires careful consideration of context, with informal methods sometimes proving superior.
  • Enhanced understanding of the interplay between statistical methods and scientific problems is a critical area for future investigation.