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Disorders of the Male Reproductive System

Disorders of the Male Reproductive System

Men's health issues are increasingly recognized as significant, with several conditions posing common threats. Among these, testicular cancer is especially prevalent in younger men, particularly those aged 20 to 35 years. The disease often manifests as a painless mass in the testicles, sometimes accompanied by a sensation of heaviness or a dull ache.
Prostate disorders are another major concern. These conditions can impair urinary flow due to the prostate's location around the urethra. Symptoms...

Male Sexual Response: Erection & Ejaculation

Male Sexual Response: Erection & Ejaculation

Sexual stimulation can take various forms, such as physical touch and visual or auditory cues. When this happens, the parasympathetic reflex in the sacral portion of the spinal cord is activated. This reflex stimulates the release of nitric oxide (NO), which then dilates the arterioles in the penis, increasing blood flow to the erectile tissues - the corpora cavernosa and corpus spongiosum.
The blood filling the erectile tissues compresses the veins, which helps to prevent blood from leaving...

Effect of Hepatic Disease on Pharmacokinetics: Dose Adjustments Due to Hepatic Impairment

Effect of Hepatic Disease on Pharmacokinetics: Dose Adjustments Due to Hepatic Impairment

Hepatic impairment, characterized by decreased liver function, does not uniformly mandate adjustments in drug dosage. Whether dosage modifications are necessary depends on various factors related to the drug's metabolism and elimination pathways. If a drug is primarily excreted via the kidneys and bypasses significant hepatic processing, if it undergoes minimal metabolic transformation in the liver, or if it is volatile and primarily expelled through the lungs, dose adjustments may not be...

Treatment for Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension: Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors

Treatment for Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension: Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors

Phosphodiesterase 5 (PDE5) inhibitors are potent enzymes that function to hydrolyze cyclic nucleotides to their corresponding 5' monophosphates. Their unique biochemical properties have been applied in treating Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension (PAH).
Among the PDE5 inhibitors, sildenafil (Revatio) stands out as a competitive and selective inhibitor. It operates by elevating cellular levels of cGMP and augmenting signaling through the cGMP-PKG pathway, promoting vasodilation. Upon oral...

Penis

Penis

The penis serves a dual role in sexual reproduction and urination. It consists of three main regions: the glans penis, the body, and the root, each with distinct functions and unique anatomical features.
Anatomy of the Penis
The glans penis, or the head, is the terminal part of the penis and houses the external urethral orifice, the exit point for urine and semen. Covered by the prepuce, or foreskin, the glans is noted for its sensitivity and plays a key role in sexual pleasure. The body of the...

Treatment for Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension: Endothelin Receptor Antagonists

Treatment for Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension: Endothelin Receptor Antagonists

Endothelins (ETs) are potent vasoactive peptides critical in the human body's various physiological and pathological processes. One of the most promising therapeutic strategies for treating pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) involves counteracting the effects of these endothelins using a class of drugs known as endothelin receptor antagonists.
ETs are synthesized through a complex sequence of enzymatic steps, primarily involving an enzyme referred to as endothelin-converting enzyme (ECE). Of...

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Updated: May 31, 2026

Treatment Model for Young Patients with Psychogenic Erectile Dysfunction and Resultant Infertility

Treatment Model for Young Patients with Psychogenic Erectile Dysfunction and Resultant Infertility

Published on: May 30, 2025

Erectile dysfunction.

Mohit Khera¹, Irwin Goldstein

¹Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, USA.

BMJ Clinical Evidence

|June 30, 2011

Summary

This systematic review evaluates various erectile dysfunction treatments, including phosphodiesterase inhibitors and devices. It provides evidence on the effectiveness and safety of interventions for men with erectile dysfunction.

Area of Science:

Urology
Pharmacology
Evidence-Based Medicine

Background:

Erectile dysfunction (ED) affects a significant portion of men aged 40-70, with risk factors including age, smoking, and obesity.
Psychological factors contribute to approximately 20% of ED cases.

Purpose of the Study:

To systematically review the effects of phosphodiesterase inhibitors for erectile dysfunction of any cause.
To assess other treatments for ED, including non-phosphodiesterase inhibitors, devices, psychological therapies, and alternative medicine.

Main Methods:

A systematic review of Medline, Embase, and The Cochrane Library was conducted up to August 2009.
Included 81 systematic reviews, randomized controlled trials (RCTs), and observational studies.
GRADE evaluation was used to assess the quality of evidence for interventions.

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Last Updated: May 31, 2026

Treatment Model for Young Patients with Psychogenic Erectile Dysfunction and Resultant Infertility

Treatment Model for Young Patients with Psychogenic Erectile Dysfunction and Resultant Infertility

Published on: May 30, 2025

Main Results:

The review analyzed the effectiveness and safety of numerous ED interventions.
Included studies evaluated phosphodiesterase inhibitors (sildenafil, tadalafil, vardenafil) and other drug treatments.
Non-pharmacological interventions such as penile prostheses, vacuum devices, and psychological therapies were also assessed.

Conclusions:

Information on the effectiveness and safety of alprostadil, cognitive behavioral therapy, ginseng, papaverine-based injections, penile prostheses, phosphodiesterase inhibitors, psychosexual counseling, vacuum devices, and yohimbine is presented.
This review synthesizes evidence for a wide range of erectile dysfunction treatments.