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Cerebral Edema l: Introduction

Cerebral Edema l: Introduction

Cerebral edema is a pathological increase in brain water content that disrupts intracranial pressure regulation and impairs neurological function. Because the cranial vault is rigid, even modest increases in tissue volume can compromise cerebral perfusion, distort neural structures, and initiate secondary injury. Cerebral edema develops through four principal mechanisms: vasogenic, cytotoxic, interstitial, and ionic.Vasogenic EdemaVasogenic edema arises from disruption of the blood–brain...

Cerebral Edema ll: Pathophysiology

Cerebral Edema ll: Pathophysiology

Vasogenic edema is a major form of cerebral edema characterized by abnormal accumulation of fluid in the brain’s extracellular space due to disruption of the blood–brain barrier (BBB). The BBB is a specialized structure composed of endothelial cells connected by tight junctions, supported by astrocytic endfeet and a basement membrane. Under normal conditions, it tightly regulates the movement of ions, proteins, and solutes between the bloodstream and brain parenchyma. When this barrier loses...

Increased Intracranial Pressure l: Introduction

Increased Intracranial Pressure l: Introduction

Intracranial hypertension is a sustained elevation of intracranial pressure (ICP) above 22 mm Hg. In supine adults, normal ICP is ~7–15 mm Hg.The rigid, nonexpandable cranium contains three components—brain tissue, blood, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)—that total ~1,700 mL in a typical adult: 1,400 mL brain (~80%), 150 mL blood (~10%), and 150 mL CSF (~10%). According to the Monro–Kellie doctrine, total intracranial volume is effectively fixed. When one component expands, CSF and venous blood...

Increased Intracranial Pressure ll: Pathophysiology

Increased Intracranial Pressure ll: Pathophysiology

Increased intracranial pressure (ICP) refers to a potentially life-threatening rise in pressure inside the skull. This usually happens when there is a major change in the volume of brain tissue, blood, or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) — the three components inside the skull. According to the Monro-Kellie doctrine, if the volume of one component increases, the volumes of the other components must decrease to maintain normal pressure. If this does not happen, ICP rises.The process often begins with...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 31, 2026

A Choroid Plexus Epithelial Cell-based Model of the Human Blood-Cerebrospinal Fluid Barrier to Study Bacterial Infection from the Basolateral Side

A Choroid Plexus Epithelial Cell-based Model of the Human Blood-Cerebrospinal Fluid Barrier to Study Bacterial Infection from the Basolateral Side

Published on: May 6, 2016

Intraparenchymal clear cell ependymoma.

Prabal Deb¹, V Manu, H Pradeep

¹Department of Pathology, Armed Forces Medical College, Pune, Maharashtra, India.

Journal of Cytology

|June 30, 2011

Summary

Clear cell ependymoma (CCE) is a rare brain tumor that can mimic other cancers. Immunohistochemistry is crucial for accurate diagnosis, impacting treatment and prognosis.

Keywords:

Adult clear cell ependymoma intraparenchymal squash smears

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Last Updated: May 31, 2026

A Choroid Plexus Epithelial Cell-based Model of the Human Blood-Cerebrospinal Fluid Barrier to Study Bacterial Infection from the Basolateral Side

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Live Imaging of the Ependymal Cilia in the Lateral Ventricles of the Mouse Brain

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Published on: June 1, 2015

Area of Science:

Neuro-oncology
Surgical Pathology

Background:

Clear cell ependymoma (CCE) is a rare supratentorial tumor.
Histological features of CCE can resemble oligodendroglioma, central neurocytoma, hemangioblastoma, and clear cell carcinoma metastasis.

Observation:

A rare case of CCE in a 45-year-old male is presented.
Intraoperative smears, frozen sections, and routine microscopy suggested anaplastic oligodendroglioma.

Findings:

Immunohistochemistry was essential for differentiating CCE from other clear cell neoplasms.
Accurate diagnosis of CCE is critical due to its aggressive clinical course.

Implications:

Distinguishing CCE from mimics is vital for appropriate therapeutic strategies.
Correct diagnosis directly influences patient prognosis and management decisions.
Highlights the importance of advanced diagnostic techniques in neuro-oncology.