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Related Concept Videos

Overview of Exosomes01:36

Overview of Exosomes

Exosomes are stable, lipid bilayer-enclosed vesicles capable of crossing biological barriers. They can carry a wide range of molecules required for intercellular communication. Once exosomes are released from the cell where they originated, they enter a recipient cell through various pathways such as fusion, receptor-mediated endocytosis, macropinocytosis, and phagocytosis.
Stahl et al. discovered exosomes in 1983, but the exosomes were initially considered waste products released from the...
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Human Virome

The human body harbors a vast and diverse viral community known as the human virome. The virome includes bacteriophages that infect bacteria, and eukaryotic viruses that infect human cells. Transient dietary and environmental viruses also contribute to this dynamic ecosystem. Estimates suggest the human body may contain on the order of 10¹³ viral particles, though abundance varies widely by body site and detection method.Comprehensive characterization of the virome has become possible only with...
Exon Recombination02:32

Exon Recombination

The evolution of new genes is critical for speciation. Exon recombination, also known as exon shuffling or domain shuffling, is an important means of new gene formation. It is observed across vertebrates, invertebrates, and in some plants such as potatoes and sunflowers. During exon recombination, exons from the same or different genes recombine and produce new exon-intron combinations, which might evolve into new genes. 
Exon shuffling follows “splice frame rules.” Each exon has three reading...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 31, 2026

Using Nanoplasmon-Enhanced Scattering and Low-Magnification Microscope Imaging to Quantify Tumor-Derived Exosomes
09:30

Using Nanoplasmon-Enhanced Scattering and Low-Magnification Microscope Imaging to Quantify Tumor-Derived Exosomes

Published on: May 24, 2019

The human exosome and disease.

Raymond H J Staals1, Ger J M Pruijn

  • 1Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Nijmegen Center for Molecular Life Sciences, Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.

Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology
|June 30, 2011
PubMed
Summary

Autoantibodies targeting the exosome complex, known as PM/Scl autoantigen, are linked to autoimmune diseases like polymyositis-scleroderma. Exosome components are also connected to chronic myelogenous leukemia, highlighting their role in both autoimmunity and cancer.

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Last Updated: May 31, 2026

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Isolation and Characterization of RNA-Containing Exosomes
09:43

Isolation and Characterization of RNA-Containing Exosomes

Published on: January 9, 2012

Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Immunology
  • Oncology

Background:

  • The exosome complex, crucial for RNA processing, was initially identified through autoantibodies in autoimmune patients.
  • The PM/Scl autoantigen designation arises from its frequent targeting by autoantibodies in polymyositis-scleroderma overlap patients.
  • Recent findings link exosome components to chronic myelogenous leukemia.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a historical perspective on the identification of the PM/Scl autoantigen.
  • To review the prevalence of autoantibodies against exosome components in autoimmune diseases.
  • To present data connecting the exosome complex to cancer development.

Main Methods:

  • Serological analysis of autoantibodies in autoimmune patient sera.
  • Biochemical characterization of exosome complex components.
  • Correlation studies linking exosome components with specific diseases.

Main Results:

  • Autoantibodies against exosome components are a hallmark of certain autoimmune conditions, particularly polymyositis-scleroderma.
  • The exosome complex, or PM/Scl autoantigen, is a significant target in autoimmune diseases.
  • A core exosome component has been identified as a protein associated with chronic myelogenous leukemia.

Conclusions:

  • The exosome complex plays a dual role, implicated in both autoimmune responses and cancer pathogenesis.
  • Understanding the PM/Scl autoantigen provides insights into autoimmune disease mechanisms.
  • Further research into exosome-cancer links may reveal novel therapeutic targets.